HYDROLICS2 PRELIMS
The branch of science and engineering that deals with the mechanical properties and practical applications of liquids, primarily focusing on the use of fluid pressure to generate, control, and transmit power
HYDRAULICS
The natural science that studies the motion of fluids (liquids and gases) and the forces acting on them
FLUID DYNAMICS
The branch of fluid dynamics that focuses specifically on the motion and behavior of liquids and the forces acting on them
HYDRODYNAMICS
The movement of a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by forces such as pressure, gravity, or viscosity
FLUID FLOW
3 TYPES OF FLOW RATE
1. Volumetric Flow Rate (Q or Qv)
2. Mass Flow Rate (Qm)
3. Weight Flow Rate(Qw)
CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW: Based on Losses
IDEAL FLOW
REAL FLOW
CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW: Based on Velocity
UNIFORM FLOW
NON-UNIFORM FLOW
CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW: Based on time and
cross section
STEADY FLOW
UNSTEADY FLOW
CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW: Based on fluid particle
behavior
LAMINAR FLOW
TURBULENT FLOW
A hypothetical concept where fluid is considered to be inviscid (no viscosity) and experiences no energy losses due to friction or turbulence.
IDEAL FLOW
A flow where the effects of viscosity, turbulence, compressibility, and other practical phenomena are considered
REAL FLOW
A type of flow in which the velocity is constant at every point along the flow direction within a given section
UNIFORM FLOW
A flow where the velocity varies from point to point along the flow direction
NON-UNIFORM FLOW
A flow in which at any cross section remains the same at any given point in time.
STEADY FLOW
A flow where fluid properties at a given point in space change over time
UNSTEADY FLOW
A flow where fluid particles move in smooth, orderly layers with minimal mixing between adjacent layers
LAMINAR FLOW
A flow characterized by chaotic, irregular motion of fluid particles, resulting in mixing across layers
TURBULENT FLOW
Types of Classification of Flow Based on...
Losses
Velocity
Time and Cross Section
Fluid Particle Behavior
A dimensionless quantity used to determine the flow regime
REYNOLD’S NUMBER
Re < 2000
Laminar Flow
Re > 4000
Turbulent Flow
2000 < Re < 4000
Transitional Flow
A steady, uninterrupted flow of fluid through a system, where the fluid maintains a consistent movement over time without breaks or interruptions
CONTINUOUS FLOW
Fundamental principle in fluid mechanics derived from the conservation of mass, which states that the mass of fluid entering a system equals the mass leaving it, assuming no accumulation or loss of mass within the system
CONTINUITY EQUATION
Developed by Daniel Bernoulli 1752. Uses the principle of “Law of conservation of energy”
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY EQUATION
States that in a steady, incompressible, and frictionless fluid flow, the total mechanical energy per unit volume remains constant along a streamline
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY EQUATION
-Is a way of expressing the energy of a fluid per unit weight in terms of an equivalent height
-It represents the energy contributions from pressure, velocity, and elevation in a flowing fluid
ENERGY HEAD
Are graphical representation used in fluid mechanics and hydraulics to describe the energy and pressure distribution in a fluid system, such as a pipe or channel
ENERGY GRADE LINE AND HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE
Represents the height to which fluid would rise in piezometer tubes due to static pressure. It shows the pressure head and elevation head but does not include velocity head
HGL
Represents the total energy per unit weight of fluid in a system. It includes the pressure head, elevation head, and velocity head
EGL
It includes velocity head
EGL
___ is always above the ___
EGL, HGL
If no velocity (Fluid Statics)
EGL = HGL
Used to analyze total energy in systems, evaluate pump performance, and account for energy losses
EGL
Useful for determining pressure conditions,
ensuring no part of the system experiences
negative pressures that could cause cavitation
HGL
Dimensionless factor used in fluid flow measurements to account for the performance characteristics of flow measurement devices
DEVICE COEFFICIENT
-Accounts for energy losses due to friction, turbulence, and imperfect streamlines
-Ensures the accuracy of flow rate calculations in
practical applications
DEVICE COEFFICIENT
A flow measurement device that determines the flow rate of a fluid by utilizing the principles of Bernoulli
VENTURI METER
-Reduces the cross sectional area of flow path and thus increasing velocity and creating pressure difference
-It is widely used for its high accuracy, minimal energy losses, and reliability in measuring flow in pipelines
VENTURI METER
KEY COMPONENTS OF VENTURI METER
Converging Section
Throat
Diverging Section
Pressure Measuring Devices
A gradually narrowing inlet that accelerates the fluid flow, reducing its pressure
CONVERGING SECTION
The narrowest section of the meter where the fluid velocity is at its maximum, and the pressure is at its minimum
THROAT
A gradually expanding outlet where the fluid decelerates, recovering most of its pressure energy
DIVERGING SECTION
Located at the inlet (before the converging section) and the
throat to measure the pressure drop caused by the change in flow velocity
PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES
A small opening or hole in a flat plate, pipe, or other surface that allows the passage of fluid. It is commonly used in engineering and fluid mechanics to control, measure, or restrict the flow of a fluid
ORIFICE
Are used to regulate the flow rate of a fluid. When fluid flows through an orifice, the flow area is restricted, causing an increase in velocity and a drop in pressure according to Bernoulli's principle
ORIFICE
This pressure drop is used in flow meters to calculate the flow rate using established relationships between the pressure difference, the orifice size, and fluid properties
ORIFICE
Classification of Orifice Based on...
Shape
Edge Type
Flow Conditions
Size
Orientation
Elevation