GCSE Biology Paper 1 Tribology, Infection and Response
What are communicable diseases?
Diseases caused by pathogens that can be transmitted from one individual to another
Define 'pathogens'
Microorganisms that cause diseases
Define 'health'
State of physical and mental well-being
Suggests three factors that affect health.
Diet/ Stress/ life situations ( e.g Hygiene) / pathogens/ immune system
State the four types of pathogens.
Bacteria, Viruses, Protists, Fungi
How do bacteria make you ill?
Reproduce rapidly and produce toxins that damage cells
How do Viruses make you ill?
Produce inside body cells, causing damage
How can pathogens be spread?
By air/ droplet infection, direct contact, water
State one method to prevent the spread of disease.
Isolation; Maintain good hygiene; Destroy vectors; Vaccination
Name a viral disease with fever and red skin rash as symptoms
Measles
How can measles spread?.
Droplet infection
Name the pathogen that causes AIDS.
HIV ( Human immunodeficiency virus)
How can HIV be spread?
Sexual contact; Exchange of bodily fluids ( shared needles, blood transfusion)
How can HIV infection be treated?
Antiretroviral drugs to control ( not cure ) it
Name a viral disease in plants.
Tobacco mosaic virus
Describe the appearance of plant infected with tobacco mosaic virus.
Mosaic pattern of discoloration on leaves. Green to yellow/ white
How does tobacco mosaic virus affect the plants?
Destroy chloroplasts, so reduce photosynthesis and growth
How can tobacco mosaic virus be spread?
Direct contract/ Vectors
Viral disease can be cured. True or false?
FALSE
Where can Salmonella bacteria be found?
Raw meat, Chicken,eggs
State one symptoms of Salmonella poisoning.
Fever/ Abdominal cramps/ diarrhoea/ vomiting
Which pathogen causes gonorrhoea?
Bacteria
How does gonorrhoea spread?
Sexual contact
State a symptoms of gonorrhoea.
Yellow/ green discharge from penis/ vagina; pain on urination
How can the spread of gonorrhoea be stopped?
Use a physical barrier like a condom
How can bacterial diseases treated?
Antibiotics
Which pathogens cause rose black spot?
Fungi
State a symptoms of rose black spot.
Purple or black spots on leaves
Which pathogen causes malaria.
Protists
How is malaria spread?
By vector- mosquitoes
How does malaria affect the body?
Damages blood and liver cells
State a symptom of malaria.
Fever, shaking
How can the spread of malaria be stopped?
Use mosquito nets; Use insecticides; Remove standing water; Take antimalarial drugs
How does your skin act as a defence against pathogens entry?
Physical barrier
How does the trachea defend the body against pathogens?
Secrete mucus to trap pathogens + Cilia move mucus up the trachea to be removed
How does the stomach defend the body against pathogens?
Hydrochloric acid destroys microorganisms in mucus/ food
State the three ways in which white blood cells defend the body.
Engulf pathogens + Produce antibodies + Produce antitoxins
What are antibodies?
Proteins that bind to specific antigens on pathogens
What are antigens?
Proteins on cell surface
What makes up vaccines?
Dead/ Inactive pathogens
How does vaccination make a person become immune to a disease?
Inactive antigens in vaccine stimulates WBC to make antibodies and memory cells, which stimulates secondary respnse
What is function of memory cells?
Recognise same pathogens when it invades to produce large number of antibodies in short time
What is herd immunity?
Large proportion of population is immune to a disease
Painkillers destroy the pathogens in our body True or False?
FALSE
Which pathogen does antibiotics destroy?
Bacteria
Why can't antibiotics kill viruses?
Viruses reproduce inside cells; antibiotics cannot enter cells without damaging the cell
What is antibiotic resistance?
Bacteria becoming resistant means it cannot be killed by a certain antibiotic
What causes antibiotic resistance?
Random mutations in a bacteria/ Bacteria sharing resistant genes
How might an antibiotic be useless against bacteria?
Antibiotic resistance
Which plant did the heart drug digitalis originate from?
Foxgloves
Which drug originate from willow?
Asprin
Name the microorganisms that produces penicillin.
Penicilium mould- fungi
New drugs are tested extensively for three factors. Name the three factors.
Toxicity, Efficacy, Dose
What living materials are used in preclinical testing?
Cells, tissues, live animals
What is the difference between preclinical testing and clinical trials?
PT: Use cells, tissues, animals; CT: Use healthy volunteers and patients
Define ' Placebo'
A medicine that does not contain the active drug being tested
What is a double - blind trial?
Neither the doctor nor the patients know who gets the real drug/ placebo