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HYDROLICS2 PRELIMS

The branch of science and engineering that deals with the mechanical properties and practical applications of liquids, primarily focusing on the use of fluid pressure to generate, control, and transmit power

HYDRAULICS

The natural science that studies the motion of fluids (liquids and gases) and the forces acting on them

FLUID DYNAMICS

The branch of fluid dynamics that focuses specifically on the motion and behavior of liquids and the forces acting on them

HYDRODYNAMICS

The movement of a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by forces such as pressure, gravity, or viscosity

FLUID FLOW

3 TYPES OF FLOW RATE

1. Volumetric Flow Rate (Q or Qv)
2. Mass Flow Rate (Qm)

3. Weight Flow Rate(Qw)

CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW: Based on Losses

IDEAL FLOW
REAL FLOW

CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW: Based on Velocity

UNIFORM FLOW
NON-UNIFORM FLOW

CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW: Based on time and
cross section

STEADY FLOW
UNSTEADY FLOW

CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW: Based on fluid particle
behavior

LAMINAR FLOW
TURBULENT FLOW

A hypothetical concept where fluid is considered to be inviscid (no viscosity) and experiences no energy losses due to friction or turbulence.

IDEAL FLOW

A flow where the effects of viscosity, turbulence, compressibility, and other practical phenomena are considered

REAL FLOW

A type of flow in which the velocity is constant at every point along the flow direction within a given section

UNIFORM FLOW

A flow where the velocity varies from point to point along the flow direction

NON-UNIFORM FLOW

A flow in which at any cross section remains the same at any given point in time.

STEADY FLOW

A flow where fluid properties at a given point in space change over time

UNSTEADY FLOW

A flow where fluid particles move in smooth, orderly layers with minimal mixing between adjacent layers

LAMINAR FLOW

A flow characterized by chaotic, irregular motion of fluid particles, resulting in mixing across layers

TURBULENT FLOW

Types of Classification of Flow Based on...

Losses
Velocity

Time and Cross Section

Fluid Particle Behavior

A dimensionless quantity used to determine the flow regime

REYNOLD’S NUMBER

Re < 2000

Laminar Flow

Re > 4000

Turbulent Flow

2000 < Re < 4000

Transitional Flow

A steady, uninterrupted flow of fluid through a system, where the fluid maintains a consistent movement over time without breaks or interruptions

CONTINUOUS FLOW

Fundamental principle in fluid mechanics derived from the conservation of mass, which states that the mass of fluid entering a system equals the mass leaving it, assuming no accumulation or loss of mass within the system

CONTINUITY EQUATION

Developed by Daniel Bernoulli 1752. Uses the principle of “Law of conservation of energy”

BERNOULLI’S ENERGY EQUATION

States that in a steady, incompressible, and frictionless fluid flow, the total mechanical energy per unit volume remains constant along a streamline

BERNOULLI’S ENERGY EQUATION

-Is a way of expressing the energy of a fluid per unit weight in terms of an equivalent height
-It represents the energy contributions from pressure, velocity, and elevation in a flowing fluid

ENERGY HEAD

Are graphical representation used in fluid mechanics and hydraulics to describe the energy and pressure distribution in a fluid system, such as a pipe or channel

ENERGY GRADE LINE AND HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE

Represents the height to which fluid would rise in piezometer tubes due to static pressure. It shows the pressure head and elevation head but does not include velocity head

HGL

Represents the total energy per unit weight of fluid in a system. It includes the pressure head, elevation head, and velocity head

EGL

It includes velocity head

EGL

___ is always above the ___

EGL, HGL

If no velocity (Fluid Statics)

EGL = HGL

Used to analyze total energy in systems, evaluate pump performance, and account for energy losses

EGL

Useful for determining pressure conditions,
ensuring no part of the system experiences

negative pressures that could cause cavitation

HGL

Dimensionless factor used in fluid flow measurements to account for the performance characteristics of flow measurement devices

DEVICE COEFFICIENT

-Accounts for energy losses due to friction, turbulence, and imperfect streamlines
-Ensures the accuracy of flow rate calculations in

practical applications

DEVICE COEFFICIENT

A flow measurement device that determines the flow rate of a fluid by utilizing the principles of Bernoulli

VENTURI METER

-Reduces the cross sectional area of flow path and thus increasing velocity and creating pressure difference
-It is widely used for its high accuracy, minimal energy losses, and reliability in measuring flow in pipelines

VENTURI METER

KEY COMPONENTS OF VENTURI METER

Converging Section
Throat

Diverging Section

Pressure Measuring Devices

A gradually narrowing inlet that accelerates the fluid flow, reducing its pressure

CONVERGING SECTION

The narrowest section of the meter where the fluid velocity is at its maximum, and the pressure is at its minimum

THROAT

A gradually expanding outlet where the fluid decelerates, recovering most of its pressure energy

DIVERGING SECTION

Located at the inlet (before the converging section) and the
throat to measure the pressure drop caused by the change in flow velocity

PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES

A small opening or hole in a flat plate, pipe, or other surface that allows the passage of fluid. It is commonly used in engineering and fluid mechanics to control, measure, or restrict the flow of a fluid

ORIFICE

Are used to regulate the flow rate of a fluid. When fluid flows through an orifice, the flow area is restricted, causing an increase in velocity and a drop in pressure according to Bernoulli's principle

ORIFICE

This pressure drop is used in flow meters to calculate the flow rate using established relationships between the pressure difference, the orifice size, and fluid properties

ORIFICE

Classification of Orifice Based on...

Shape
Edge Type

Flow Conditions

Size

Orientation

Elevation

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