Test 2
Developmentally which skill group would a 6yr old demonstrate the most skill/confidence in?
Gross Motor Skills/Large Muscle skills. Ex; Running, jumping, climbing, catching, throwing. Fine motor is writing.
Brain lateralization is motivated/kick started by what development process
Language
What does the RF do? (how does myelinization impact function?
Reticular formation, attention and focus. At the beginning it doesn’t do a good job. Myelination helps coating that goes on the axons and prevents messages from going all over the place. Speeds up how fast it goes but it keeps it focuses. Leap frog - jumps one by one
Quebec study of human development - What does this study have to say about the long-term impact of TV watching and child health?
Higher BMI (body mass index) associated with learning delays-reading, writing, speech. Increase aggression because you copy what you see, and obesity.
What is PTSD – what do scans of it’s impact in children show.
Post dramatic stress disorder
Scans show areas of brain that don't develop. Right brain arousal is constant, hyper alert and looking for patterns and tone, always trying to survive but cannot contribute to communicating why.
What are ACEs – examples
Adverse childhood experiences. Examples are neglect, partner violence, abuse. Associated with PTSD
What is conservation – how do you know if a child has/has not achieved it
Ability to understand that the amount of something has not changed. They have to be able to understand and identify this. Cannot fool them by offering a nickel (bigger but worth less than a dime) Water glass example. Pour water from a small glass to big glass, the amount of water did not change.
Distinguish between Theory of Mind and “false belief principle”
Theory of mind is a set of ideas that explains other people’s ideas.
The false belief principle is the ability to look at a problem or situation from another person’s point of view and discern what kind of information would cause that person to believe something that isn’t true.
Ex: Candy box- shaking the box and guessing that it’s candy because that’s what it said on the box. Someone else is about to shake it and you think she will also guess that it’s candy. It’s a way of testing that.
What do neo-Piagetians like Case have to say about cognitive development (where do they part ways with/improve on Piaget)
Piaget is about experiences and Case (New Piaget) is all about short term, operational efficiency. The more schemes you have, the faster you are. Case: Can hold more pieces of information in their short-term memories at the same time as younger children can. They also maintain that children are incapable of performing all this mental work in short term memory until after ages 6.
What does Vygotsky have to say about the appearance/disappearance/function of egocentric speech
It disappeared as the child approached the end of the preoperational stage. Vygotsky claimed that ergogenic speech becomes completely internalized at age 6 or 7. Most of us will revert back to ergogenic stage in high stress situations/complex situations. Vygotsky ergogenic speech is a guide to solving problems. It becomes internal as you get older. Tool for solving problems. Appears when solving problems.
To what does overregularization refer – examples?
Take a rule in a language and apply you everything regardless of how it sounds.
This is clear in children’s creation of past tenses, such as “wented” or sitted. “Toothed”
According to Gladwell WHAT advantage does speaking Chinese give a child when it comes to mastering math skills?
-Chinese number words are shorter and take less time to pronounce than their English equivalents. To count from 1 to 100 in English, a child must learn 28 words, Chinese is only 11.
Delayed/Disabled and Gifted – where’s the line so far as IQ test scores are concerned
100 is the average IQ test score, 130 considered gifted, and 70 or under is delayed (combined with other factors that are behavioral)
What concerns were raised - propositions put forward to address – the cultural bias associated with Indigenous children’s IQ test results.
Bias said that indigenous students were delayed in language. The test does not use silence, is based on how many words you use, not what you actually said. Delayed in language and advanced in motor skills. (gross motor) We need to apply culture fair testing. Indigenous languages carry different meanings.
What central theme around development during the preschool period, do Freud and Erikson BOTH agree on
Its all Balance. Autonomy and protection (both agree on these concepts) Internal forces drive development.
What two factors do young children rely on/use when the classify/categorize people.
Recent interactions and Observable characteristics - Anyone looking like them is good
Distinguish between social conventions and moral rules – can preschoolers tell the difference?
Conventions - Status quo, polite expectations, niceties, makes people like you.
Moral rules - laws, prevent punishment
Characterize authoritarian, authoritative and permissive parenting (where does each vary the most from the other two according to Baumrind)
Authoritarian: high in control and maturity demands but low in nurturance and communication.
Permissive parenting style: high in nurturance but low in maturity demands, control and communication.
Authoritative parenting: high in all 4 dimensions: nurturance, communication, clarity and consistency and maturity demands. Varies in control and support the most.
What challenges to Baumrind’s parenting style classifications have been identified (among which groups and why?) When you take the test and apply it to cultural groups
Different cultures are not considered. Baumrind works for white families.
Asian parents - authoratative, children are not showing the effects of this because their grandparents raised them
Indigenous parents - seen as permissive but again children do not show effects of permissive parenting since their culture values raising as a community
Maccoby & Martin added two dimensions (and one parenting style) to Baumrind’s work – identify them
One was control and one was acceptance (accepting child for who they are). Added that uninvolved parent is the worst.
To what does inductive discipline refer – examples
Authoritative parents often use inductive discipline, a discipline strategy in which parents explain to children why a punished behaviour is wrong and refrain from physical punishment. Helps most pre-schoolers gain control of their behaviour.
Divorce may be associated with what outcomes
Boys is immediate: low grades, low self-esteem, aggression, defiance, criminal behaviour (NOT DRUGS AND DRINKING), skipping school, shoplifting, stealing etc. Girls is the same but these are delayed by 5 years.
Cooperative play refers to what? – what skill is essential for success?
By 3 or 4, children begin to engage In cooperative play, a pattern in which several children work together to accomplish a goal. Cooperative play can be either constructive or symbolic.
Distinguish between gender schemas and gender scripts
The GENDER SCHEMA begins to develop as soon as the child notices the differences between male and female.
Gender scripts are sequences of events that are normally associated with gender such as “fixing dinner” or “building with tools.” What you say about the other gender. For example, in a room and a baby is crying, you follow the script (which is how - like a manual) and hand it to a woman because they understand woman are better with kids.
Identify then distinguish between Maccoby’s two styles of communication (which gender does he associate with each)
Style 1: Constricting - a style that tends to derail the interaction or bringing it to an end. MALE communication. This is what were doing. Period. Enabling: Convincing others to get on board with your idea. Established early on-age 5/6, fully established by 8/9. FEMALE
What factors can cause a family climate or parenting style to shift away from authoritative parenting
Divorce, death in family; something has happened to a parent.
What is emotional regulation – why is it important?
Ability to control emotional states and emotion-related behaviour. Ex: children experience this when they are feeling sad, or when they divert their attention to a different activity when they get frustrated with something. Your ability to recognize your behaviour and handle it.
What cognitive skills improve directly as a result of brain growth and development in middle childhood
As your brain matures (frontal lobe), logic, information processing and selective attention
The most significant health risks for school-aged children are associated with what?
Accidents, Obesity, lack of exercise
What is class inclusion
Understanding that subordinate classes are included in larger, superordinate classes. Ex: a child asks “are there more dogs, or more animals?”. The child who understands that all dogs are animals, so the correct answer is “More animals”. Nothing to do with race. Different dog breeds are in one class.
Cognitive development for Piaget focuses on what? (as opposed to Siegler)
Piaget is about age, Siegler is about Experience.
Outline the information processing view of cognitive development in children (core elements & new abilities)
Short term memory, schemes and scripts, brain maturity for information processing (Vygotsky, Case). Experience, think, apply.
Characterize Gardner’s theory on intelligence
Howard Gardner’s theory on intelligence: claims that there are 8 types of intelligence. Many individuals who have mental problems have great talents, they can be good in one area and not great in another. KNOW DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE 8 TYPES ppt examples
Distinguish between interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist intelligence [Gardner]
Interpersonal: Sensitivity to the behaviour, moods, and needs of others. “Helping” professionals , social workers, counsellors
Intrapersonal: The ability to understand oneself. People who are good at identifying their own strengths and choosing goals accordingly
Naturalist Intelligence: Recognize and categorize plants, animals and nature (become farmers and environmentalists)
Identify then distinguish between the 3 types of ADHD
1 the hyperactive-impulsive type, high activity level is the main problem.
2.The inattentive type, inability to sustain attention is the major difficulty.
3. The combined type, presents symptoms from both.
What does neural synchrony refer to? (what are the benefits and links to social bonding)
Brain is synched. Line up the exact same way, you think the same. Use to test bonding between child and parent. Benefit: emotional. An overlap in the function of an adult brain and the synonymy in a child’s brain, there is emotional benefits. Both brain's are similar.
Why is the preservation language – specifically Indigenous languages within Canada - core to preservation of cultural heritage
Some things can be expressed only in this language. Metaphors are lost. Culture is contained in language. Verbal history is lost.
According to Erikson what psychosocial tasks feature in childhood – resolved how?
Industry vs inferiority - Children are trying to reach their goals (particularly in school) and the resolution is to be successfulin their attempts.
The Big Five refers to what? – what qualities are each associated with these personality traits
A set of 5 major dimensions of personality. (Know each of the 5, and the traits associated with each) extraversion (active, assertive, outgoing) agreeableness (affectionate, forgiving, generous, kind, trusting) conscientiousness (efficient, organized, reliable, responsible) neuroticism (anxious, self-pitying, tense, unstable, worrier) and openness/intellect (artistic, curious, insightful, having a wide variety of interests)
Identify the 3 factors in Bandura’s reciprocal model of development
1. Personal (cognitive abilities, physical characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, and expectations)
2. Behavioural (physical-motor and verbal actions)
3. Environmental (other people and physical surroundings)
All influence each other.
How would a 6yr old’s description of someone else be different from that of a 10yr olds?
A 6 year old’s description of someone is more focused on observable characteristics such as physical characteristics and simple behaviours.
Example: “she has brown hair” or “he is nice and plays with me”
A 10 year olds description is more complex and reflects a deeper understanding of emotions. Their moral judgement is present.
Example: “she is really kind and helps others but sometimes she can be a little shy around new people”
Outline Harter’s views on self-esteem (influences/impact)
Self esteem is like an equation between discrepancy desire (can you do this), social support (does your family support you, do they want you to do well, does your friend group support your goal or not). Ex sports - you want to do well but fail, this will hurt your self esteem.
Distinguish between moral relativism and moral realism (Piaget)
Moral realism- Sticking to the rules. Role a 6, you are OUT.
Moral relativism- Is when people can agree to change rules if they want to. Roll a 6 and you can roll again!
Moral realists believe if they cheat they will be punished.
Relativism says if you got away with you'll never be judged.
In middle childhood the biggest shift in relationships is in the significance/expansion of what group?
Peer group
Identify the key component of children’s friendships (middle childhood) and the challenge it presents to identifying/protecting children at risk
Reciprocal trust; difficult to discern if child is in trouble since they prioritize their friendship over doing the right thing and reporting bad behavior of thr friend
Identify then characterize the patterns of aggression we find in middle childhood (type, gender, consequences)
physical - male
indirect - female
What is self-care – why is self-care for 9yr olds problematic
Self care, some kids thrive from it (Matilda making her own breakfast)
Its problematic because children aren’t good at assessing threat. They have no conception of threat levels, they know rules but dont understand the risk behind the rule.
What are the potential consequences/fallout of heavy TV watching in childhood
Associated with lower scores on achievement tests, including measures of such basic skills as reading, arithmetic, and writing. Violence bias, desensitise in violence.
The secular trend in pattern of growth/development is most likely tied to what
Age of menstration is going down due to health and nutrition (high fat in food). Female hormones stored in fat.
What is the benefit of early puberty for boys
Academic achievement, more likely to be leaders, social advantages, economic success
A strong sense of spirituality can be beneficial how? (to which group may it be particularly beneficial)
May help shape a child's perception of the meaning of life, which impacts their mental health and well-being, and sets the stage for dealing with aspirations and challenges
Indigenous children
Development of the frontal lobes is tied to improvement in what/where during puberty
Becomes the focus of development processes later on in middle childhood.
The most effective sex education programs focus on what
Behavioural skills training. Real world applications and the tools to naviagte. They focus on reducing specific risk-taking behaviour (like condoms)
Identify the risk factors for teenage pregnancy
Poverty, single parent, low education of parent, early period/ early puberty
Distinguish between, transsexual, transgendered, and two-spirited
2 Spirit is Indigenous; both male and female spirits at same time
Transsexual: Change sex through surgery, live as opposite gender
Transgender: Identify as opposite gender, body doesnt match
At which stage of development does the process of achieving/accepting individual sexual orientation usually begin
Early adulthood
Identify the different types of eating disorder – which proposed explanation is considered the most promising right now
1. Bulimia (bulimia nervosa)
2. Anorexia Nervosa
3. __________
3. Binge eating
The theory that pre-existing pyschological health of people who develop eating disorders is more important than cultural influences. They theorize that they have a general tendency toward distorted thinking, and are mentally unhealthy. Image discreptency
Identify the universal ingredient in adolescent suicide
Depression/Altered mental state
What is Piaget’s pendulum task? (what can you do at the formal operational stage that you couldn’t do at the concrete operational level)
Pendulum task - assesses the ability to test variables that influence the pendulums swing.
- In the formal operational stage adolescence can engage in abstract, reasoning, and hypothesis testing
- Concrete operational level - thinking is limited to tangible experiences.
An example would be a formal operational thinker changes the length of a string while keeping the weight and release height constant to determine its affect on swing speed and contrast, a concrete operational thinker might only change one factor without control in the others leading to inconclusive results.
Ability goals refer to what? (examples)
Ability is competitive - Getting better grade than the class, others control
Task - Target of grade: 80. Personal goal, you control this
What are the Canadian 24-Hr Movement Guidelines for youth 12-17 (as regards exercise, screen time, sleep)
2 hours of screen time
60 mins of physical activity
8-10 hours of sleep
Gardner's 8 types of intelligence:
Linguistic (language), logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, body-kinesthic (use body to express emotion), interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic