EEREV 13

These atoms that contain only one type atom

monoatomic ions

These are ions that contain more than one atom

polyatomic ions

These are used to designate the atoms present in different molecules and compounds

chemical formula

type of chemical formula that shows the exact number of atoms from each element that is present in the molecule or the compound.

molecular formula

Type of chemical formula that shows the simplified ratio if the atoms from each element that is present in the molecule or compound.

simplest chemical formula

empirical formula

refers to the amount of substance, ve it stoms, molecules or other particles

mole

1 mole equals ________

6.022 x 10^23 particles

substances that are made up of two or more elements

compounds

compounds that are made up of cations and anions

most of them are binary compounds

ionic compounds

these are compounds made up of molecules formed from different elements

molecular compounds

if there are two or more forms of elements, these are called ______

allotropes

mass of one mole of a substance

molar mass

1 u = 1 amu = 1 dalton = 1 g/mol = _______

1.66x10^-27 kg

sum of atomic masses in the molecule

molecular mass

the ______ by mass gives the amount in terms of percentage of an element in a compound

percent composition

___ occurs when the nuclear breaks down into smaller particles

radioactivity

There are three types of particles:

alpha, beta, gamma

particles with no charge

gamma particles

particles with highest energy among the three

gamma

energy absorbed or released when a nucleus breaks down or when two nuclei combine

nuclear energy

process wherein a substance is transformed into another substance which has different properties from the original

chemical reaction

the reactant that will run out first is called ____

limiting agent

the reactant that have quantities more than what is needed in the chem reaction are called ___

excess reagents

relationship between the number or reactants that must be used and the amount of product desired in every chemical reaction

stoichiometry

exist in nature under certain conditions of pressure and temperature

gasses

The standard unit of pressure is

Pascal or Newton per square meter

a pressure exerted by the earth's atmosphere

atmospheric pressure

states that at constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure applied

Boyle's Law

states that the volume of a gas and the absolute temperature are directly proportional at a constant pressure

Charle's Law

states that at constant volume the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature

Gay-Lussac's Law

states that the volume of a gas and the number of moles present is directly proportional at constant temperature and pressure

gas law that relates volume to the amount of substance

Avogadro's Law

states that the volume of a gas is held constant increasing the temperature of the gas increases its pressure

same with gay lussac's law

Amonton's Law

__ is a gas in which the volume of the gas molecules is negligible compared to the volume occupied by the gas

ideal gas

states that the total pressure of gas is just the sum of partial pressures of the individual gases

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

dimensionless quantity that gives the number of moles of an individual component to the number of moles of an individual component to the number of moles of all component present in mixture

mole fraction

theory that gases are made up of large number of small particles (atoms or molecules) all of which are in constant random motion

kinetic theory or kinetic molecular theory of gases

describes particle speeds in gases where the particles di not constant react with each other but move freely between short collisions

describes the probability of a particle's speed being near given value as a function of the temperature of the system, the mass of the particle and the speed value

maxwell-boltzmann

boltzmann's contant

1.38x10^-23 J/K

states that the rates of effusion of two escaping gases is inversely proportional to the sqaure root of their molar mass

Graham's Law of Effusion

is the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid or math model used to describe such random movements often called the particle theory

Brownian movement

way to represent an atom with the corresponding number of valence electron

it consist of the symbol of the element and a dot each for valence electron of that element

Lewis dot symbol

bond that holds ions together in an ionic compound which is usually solid at standard temperature and pressure

ionic bond

bond that occurs when electrons are being shared by different atoms

covalent bonds

two atoms bond using a single pair of valence electron

single bond

two atoms bond using multiple pair of valence electron

double bond - share two pairs of valence electrons
triple bond - share 3 pairs of valence electron

multple bonds

there are instances when electrons involved spend more tme near the vicinity of one atom

it is a result of electronegativity of some elements

polar covalend bonding or polar bonding

is a measure of ability of atoms to attract electrons toward themselves

electronegativity

most used scale for electronegativity

Pauline scale

this is the intermolecular force between polar molecules. polar molecules will allign with other polar molecules with opposite polarity

dipole-dipole forces

it is intermolecular force between a cation or anion and a polar molecule. the strength of this type of force is dependent on the charge of the ion and the size of the polar molecule.

ion-dipole forces

intermolecular force that is a product of the motion of nonpolar molecules causing transient or temporary dipoles. this is significant when atoms are so close together.

it also increases as the molecular mass increases

dispersion force ot london dispersion force

special type of dipole dipole force that involves a hydrogen atom and another electronegative molecule or ion with an unshared number of electrons

hydrogen bond

homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

solution

it is a solution that has maximum amount of solute that are dissolved

saturated solution

it is a solution thst has less amount of solute that solvent can possibly dissolve

unsaturated solution

solution that has an amount of solute greater than the amount of solute in the saturated solution.

possibility of the formation of crystals because of crystallization which us a proxess which the dissolved solute separates from the solution and forms crystals

supersaturated solution

solute that are dissolved in water are called ____

aqueous solution

these are substances that can conduct electricity when they are dissolved in water. it must dissociate or must break into cations and anions once it is dissolved.

most acids and bases

electrolytes

there are substances that cannont conduct electricity when they are dissolved in water

non-electrolytes

is a measure of how much solute can possibly dissolved in a given amount of solvent under certain specific conditions

solubility

is the capability of a substance to he dissolved in another substance with the definite proportions

miscibility

states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid

Henry's Law

states that when a nonvolatile solute is added to water or another solvent the vapor pressure of the solvent is depressed

Raoult's Law

the process in which the solute molecules are now sorrounded by the solvent molecules

solvation

process which the solute molecules are now surrounded by solvent molecules and if jte solvent is water

hydration

it is the mass of the solute in a specific mass of solution

it is unitless

is independent of variation in temperature since it involves mass

percent by mass / percent by weight

formula for % by mass

(mass solute/mass solution)*100

is the number of moles of solute present in a liter of the solution

unit of mol/L or M

dependent on changes of temperature

molarity

formula for molarity

moles solute/volume solution in liters

number of moles of solute present in 1 kg of solvent

unit: mol/kg or m

independent in changes of temperature

molality

formula of molality

moles solute/mass of solvent in kg

gram equivalent weight of a solute per liter solution

equivalent per liter

normality

heterogeneous mixture of particles that are much larger than normal solute molecules in homogenous solutions

result of dispersion of one type if substance throughout another substance

colloids or colloidal suspension

states that when the light passes through a colloid, it should be scattered by the dispersed particles

Tyndall effect

substances that ionize in water to produce H+ ions

acids

substances that ionize in water to produce OH- ions

bases

acid as proton donors

Bronsted acids

bases as proton acceptors

Bronsted bases

chemical reaction between acid and bases will product water and salt

neutralization reactions

____ of a solution is a unique way to measure the acidity.

the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration in mol/L

pH or Power of Hydrogen

are inorganic acids that ionize completely in water

strong acids

dont ionize completely in water

weak acids

are electrolytes that ionize completely in water

strong bases

electrolytes that dont ionize completely in water

weak bases

are inorganic substances that occur naturally on earth

minerals

mineral deposit from which metals can be extracted economically

ore

study of separating metals from ores or their corresponding alloys which are solutions of metals

metallurgy

chemistry of the living world

biochemistry

process of digesting its related chemical reaction

metabolism

is the breakdown of sugar where we usually get our energy

glycolysis

chemical reaction that builds sugar which are molecules that store energy

only plants can do

photosynthesis

inorganic compound that is just another way of saying "sugar"

carbohydrate, another term is saccharide

if there is only one sugar molecule

monosaccharide

if there are two sugar molecules

disaccharide

organic compound that is evident in fat, steroid and waxes. waxes are natures way to protect themselves

lipids

known as triglyceride, made out of glycerol that is connected in different fatty acids

fat

are bulding blocks of all living organism

nucleic acids

are used in different body cells to produce protein needed for survival.

amino acids

amino acids bonds together to make long chains and those long chains of amino acids are called ___

proteins

is the study of chemical processes that cause electrons to move. it is concerned with the effect of electrical voltages and currents on chemical reactions (ionics) and chemical changes which produce voltage and currents (electrodics)

electrochemistry

is when a substance receives one electron

reduction

is when a substance gives away one electron

oxidation

is chemical energy converted into electrical energy or viceversa

electrochemical energy

is a device that derives electrical energy from spontaneous oxidation-reduction reactions

galvanic cells

device that converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy. it consists of two or more galvanic cells and composed of anode, cathode and electrolyte

battery

battery that cannot return to their original state by recharging

primary batteries

batteries that can be returned to their original state by recharging, rechargeable batteries

secondary batteries

are batteries that have a liquid electrolyte usually an aqueous salt

wet cells

are batteries that have an electrolyte in the form if a paste or solid

dry cells

device that converts the chemical energy obtain from fuel to electrical energy. they do not run down ir need recharging

fuel cells

is also known as Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell or Bacon Fuel Cell from its inventor Francis Thomas Bacon in 1932. This uses potassium hydroxide (KOH) as its electrolyte. Its operating temperature is from 60°C to 70°C with an overall efficiency of 60% to 70%.

alkaline fuel cell

uses methanol as its electrolyte. Its operating temperature is from 30°C to 130°C with an overall efficiency between 30% to 40%.

direct methanol fuel cell

This fuel cell uses lithium potassium carbonate salt or molten carbonate as its electrolyte. Its operating temperature is 650°C with an overall efficiency of 50%.

molten carbonate fuel cell

fuel cell uses phosphoric acid as its electrolyte. Its operating temperature is from 150°C to 200°C with an overalt efficiency of 40% to 50%.

phosphoric acid

also known as Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell. This uses a solid polymer membrane as its electrolyte. Its operating temperature is from 80°C to 100°C with an overall efficiency of 30% to 40%.

proton exchange membrane fuel cell

fuel cell uses a solid acid material as its electrolyte

solid acid fuel cell

This fuel cell uses a solid, nonporous metal oxide. typically zirconium oxide as its electrolyte

solid oxide fuel cell

are devices which store energy more than batteries (10 to 100 times more than batteries)

supercapacitors

is the sub-field of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes and transformation in the nuclei atoms

nuclear chemistry

is the emissions of ionizing radiation or particles caused by the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei

radioactivity

composed of two protons and two neutrons and same as hellium nucleus

alpha particle

it is an electron ejected from the nucleus and has -1 charge

beta particle

the type of radioactive emission is not a particle but rather a very energetic form of electromagnetic radiation that can be characterized into different categories based on rhe wavelentgh and photon energies

gamma radiation

is an electromagnetic radiation with very short wavelength that are active enough to knock out electrons out of atoms in matter and make it electrically charged

ionizing radiation

it is the emission of the a positron from the nucleus

ex. oxygen undergoes this

positron emission

this occurs when an inner shell electron combines with a proton and is converted into a neutron. the loss of an inner shell electron leaves a vacancy fhat will be filled by one of the outer electrons

electron capture

process in which the nucleus of a heavy atom is split into fragments of roughly equal mass, either spontaneous or as a result of impact of a particle of gamma rays

nuclear fission

the time required for the half of the atoms in a sample to decay

half-life

any substance that can provide heat and produce energy when it is burned

fuel

fuel with few impuritiesand high carbon content usually from coal

coke

combustible or energy generating molecules that can be harnessed to create mechanical energy usually producing kinetic energy

liquid fuels

most widely used liquid fuel, made up of hydrocarbon molecules forming aliphatic compounds and is based on octane rating

gasoline

similar to gasoline in that is a mixture or aliphatic hydrocarbon extracted from petroleum

diesel

mixture of propane and butane, commonly used in cooking and space heating

liquefied petroleum gad (LPG)

composed mainly of methane, and an excellent fuel which burns cleanly with little or no residue

- low energy density
- storage method is compressed gas cylinders

natural gas

similar to diesel but gas differences akin to those between petrol and ethanol.

- gas higher ceraj3 rating from 45 to 60

biodiesel

any ___ can be burned as a fuel but most common are ethanol and methanol. methanol is considered first organic chemical produced

alcohol

also known as grain alcohol or ethyl alcohol. This is the one found in alcoholic beverages. When used as fuel, it is often in combination with gasoline (reduce the negative effect of gasoline on the environment)

ethanol

is also known as methyl alcohol or wood alcohol. It is the lightest and simplest alcohol, produced from the natural gas component methane.

methanol

can be used as a fuel in most gasoline internal combustion engiries without engine modification. It has the advantages of high-octane rating and high energy content

butanol

characterized by a low cetane number, a lower value of the stoichiometric air to fuel ratio, a higher value of the heat of vaporization and the temperature of self-ignition, and a lower energy density

propanol

defined in any solid material in which the component atoms are arranged in a definite pattern and whose surface regularity reflects its internal symmetry

crystal

is the smallest if volume that permits identical to be stacked together to fill all space

unit cell

kind of cubic unit cell: molecules or ions located at the corners to the cube

simple cubic

kind of cubic unit cell: contains an identical component in the center of a cube

body-centered

kind of cubic unit cell: there are components in the center of each face in addition tonthoae at the corners of the cube

face-centere cubic

total number of neighbors if a cental atom in a molecule or ion

Coordination number

are substances characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity as well as by malleability, ductility and high reflectivity of light

metals

commonly used and cheapest metal, approx 5% of earth's crust

iron

an alloy made up of several chemical elements together with iron and carbon to create a strong and fracture resistant metal

steel

alloy of iron and copper with other chemical elements

carbon steel

steel with high amount of chromium, making it corrosion resistant

stainless steel

lightweight metal widely used for overhead cables, aircraft and automobile parts. electrically conductive, durable, corrosion resistant

aluminum

an alloy of copper and tin. it is a hard metal, can be shaped or rolled into wires and resistant to corrosionand surface wear

bronze

alloy of copper and zinc. it is stronger than copper but has a lower thermal and electrical conductivity

brass

most used for wires, being a good conductor of electricity

it is also used for coins and kitchen utensils

it is soft, ductile, malleable metal with a reddish-brown appearance

copper

soft but heavy metal, relatively low melting point

usually used for soldering, coating for electric cables

lead

widely used in the aerospace industry because it is lightweight, strong corrosion resistant and high thermal stability

it is also used for thermal stability

titanium

large chain molecule if high molecular weight which is composed of a single molecule thaylt is repeated many times in the chains

implies a molecule consisting of a long chain of units of smaller molecules

macromolecules

polymer

when a polymer is formed from two or more monomers then the polymer is said to be ___

copolymer

is a hard brittle plastic which is made soft and flexible by dissolving a plasticizer

polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

these are Polymers that occur naturally in nature and are found in plants and animals

natural polymer

these are polymer that are developed from natural polymers and are chemically modified

semi-synthetic Polymers

these are polymers that are completely man-made

synthetic polymer

these are polymer that have long and straight chains

linear polymer

these are polymer which their linear chains from branches

branched-chain polymers

these are polymers that have bifunctional nad trifunctional monomers

cross-linked polymer

only a single type of monomer units are present

homomers

this has different types of monomers unit present

heteropolymer or copolymer

these polymer have weak interaction forces (ex rubber)

elastomer

these polymer have tough, high tensile strength and very strong forces if interaction

fibers

these polymers have intermediate forces of interaction

thermoplastic

these polymers have enhanced heat and chemical resistance

thermosetting polymers

these polymers consist of the carbon backbone

organic polymers

these polymers consist of backbone by elements other than carbon

inorganic polymers

these polymers are formed from molecules of the same or different monomers that are added up together on massive scales

addition polymerization

these polymers are formed by repitition of condensation reaction between disfunctional and trifunctional monomeric units

condensation polymerization

is the field of science and engineering that focuses on the design and manufacturing of extremely small devices and structures

nanotechnology

are material that are engineered with particle sizes between 1 to 100 nanometer in at least one dimension

engineered nanomaterial

is the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places

environmental chemistry

is the thinning of the ozone layer present in the upper atmosphere

ozone layer depletion

mixture of pollutants that are formed when the nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react to sunlight, creating brown haze above cities

photochemical smog

are gases in the earth's atmosphere that trap heat

greenhouse gases

a gradual, long term increase in the avergae temperature of earth's atmosphere due to greenhouse effect

global warming

this is the layer above 500km

contains oxygen and hydrogen atoms

exosphere

above mesopause

the increase in temperature is due to the absorption of energetic ultraviolet and xray radiation from sun

above 80km is called ionosphere since energetic solar radiation knocks electrons off molecules and atoms turning into ions

thermosphere

layer above mesosphere

temp: -90°C at mesopause

mesosphere

contains much of the ozone in the atmosphere

ozone absorbs UV radiation

stratosphere

lowest part of the atmosphere, part we live in

contains 75% of all air in the atmosphere and almost all of the water vapor

troposphere

transpaerent and fluid which forms world's stream, lakes, oceans and rain and is a major constituent of the fluids of all organisms

water

measure of relative clarity of liquid

turbidity

process of killing, inactivating or removing microorganisms and other biological contaminants and undesirable chemicals from water

water purification

simplest and most traditional method of water purification

heating to boiling point (100°C)

boiling

chemical method involving the adding of chlorine to water

chlorination

process of purifying water by boiling and condensing the steam back to liquid form

distillation

removing impurities from water by passing it through a filter

filtration

uses UV light to kill bacteria and viruses

UV light damages the DNA of the pathohens makind them unable to reproduce

environmentally friendly

Ultraviolet treatment

is the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in water

water hardness

branch of soil science that deals with the chemical composition, chemical reaction and chemical properties of soil

soil chemistry

is composed of four ingredients: minerals, soil organic matter, water and air

soil

is considered the lifeblood of soil which is composed of soil water and dissolved solute

soil solution

relates it relationship of their sizes with the amount of surface area available to react with the soil solution

soil colloids

defined as the fraction of the soil made up collectively of small inroganic and organic particles

colloidal fraction

granular material composed of finely divided material particles

smaller than gravel and coarses than silt

usually silica (Silicon oxide) in form of quartz

sand

second most common type of sand is

calcium carbonate

granular material with size between sand and clay composed of broken grains of quartz

make 45% of average modern mud

silt

fine grained natural soil material containing clay materials

used for ceramic materials since it develops plasticity when wet and hardened through firing

clay

is the practice if using occupational chemical substances in a way that protects human health and its environment

chemical safety

the chemical contacts the skin or eyes and causes immediate damage or is absorbed into the bloodstream

absorption

the chemical is breathed in and enters the bloodstream through lungs

inhalation

the chemical is swallowed and enters the bloodstream through the gastro-intestinal track

ingestion

the chemical enters a break un the skin from new or previous injury

injection

refers to policies, procedures, guidelines, rules or training that reduce the duration, frequency, or severity of exposure to chemical

administrative controls

there are equipment or substitute product which reduce or eliminate the duration, frequency or severity of exposure to the chemical

engineering controls

this is the clothing, safety glasses, gloves, and other equipment worn by a worker to protect the worker from hazards of a chemical

does not reduce or eliminate hazard

personal protective equipment (PPE)

is the branch of science that deals with the study of matter

chemistry

deals with the study of chemical substances that contains carbon-carbon bonds

organic chemistry

deals with the study of the chemical substances that do not contain carbon-carbon binds

inorganic chemistry

deals with the behaviour and change of matter and the related energy changes

physical energy

deals with the study of the different components and composition of substances

analytical chemistry

deals with the study of matter and processes in living organisms

biochemistry

is a process defining a problem, making experiments, collecting data, interpreting data, formulating hypothesis and summarizing the data in a way tjat is simple and precise

scientific method

refers to the raw information collected from the experiments.

data

once the data are organized they are now referred to as ____

results

if one makes deduction from results, they are now referred to as ___

conclusion

general statement about ones observation 8j the system

qualitative data

refers to the number obtained by measuring certain parameters of the system

quantitative data

statement produced out of few observations without much experimental evidence

it is a possible explanation for what has been observed

hypothesis

statement produced out of thorough research and experimentation that indicates the relationship between different phenomena that is always same under the same condition

stand the test of time

law

a unifying principle that explains a body of fact and or those laws that are based on them.

can be proved or disproved in new experiments

theory

is a visual, verbal, mathematical explanation of experimental results that is only accurate under certain conditions and in certain environments

not universal

models

similar to gases except it is made up of free electrons and ions from the element.

plasma

the newest state of matter (1995), opposite of plasma, it must be aupercooled and will occur a few billionths temperature within the absolute zero temperature

Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)

these are properties that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the original substance being studied

physical properties

these properties that can be observed or measured after changing chemically the substance being studied

chemical properties

these are properties that depend on the amount on the extent of a substance if matter being studied

additive: more matter equates to a higher value

extensive property

these are properties that are independent on the amount of the substance or matter being studied

not additive

intensive properties

is a matter that has definite composition and properties. it cannot be separated into two or more substances by physical means

pure substance

ia a pure substance that cannot be broken down into much simpler substance by chemical means. normally the elements are symbolized by one or two letters in which the first letter is always capitalized

element

is a combination of two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions

can be separated by chemical means into its respective components

compound

composedof substances that do not have composition.

can be separated into different substances by physical means without changing the identities of the component

mixture

the type of mixture that is uniform all throughout is known as ____ mixture

homogeneous

are mixtures in which the particles do not settle at the bottom upon standing

colloids

are mixtures in which the particles settle at the bottom upon standing

Suspensions

process of separating large solid particles from liquids by allowing to flow while the large solid particles settle

decantation or floatation

is the process of separating small solid particles from liquids by passing rhe mixture through a porous medium

filtration

is the process if separating the liquid by boiling the mixture to vaporize the liquid and then cooling the vapor to condense it

distillation

it is the process of separating liquid mixtures whose component substances have narrow differences in boiling point

fractional distillation

it is the process of separating volatile oils from plants

steam distillation

it is the process involving the use of tools such as forceps, sieves

mechanical separation

it is the process that speeds up the setting of the precipitates using a centrifuge which is a motor driven apparatus

centrifugation

it is the process of using the difference in degree to which the substances are absorbed on the surface of an inert substance

chromatography

it is the process of separating the mixture to its component substances by making use if the difference ub solubility of the substances

solvent extraction

process of extracting gold from its ore

amalgation

it is the process of extracting golf from its ore by using cyanide

cyanidation

tells us the measurements are close to the exact value

degree of accuracy

tells us the consistency of measurement

degree of precision

is the difference between the accepted value and measured value

error

ratio of error to an accepted value

percent error

the mass of neutron are and times the mass of electron, respectively

1836, 1840

describes the atom to contain electrons in which the toal charge of electrons is balanced by positively charged medium

known as plum pudding model

Thomson Model

features a positively charged core where the mass of the whole atom is concentrated

the negatively charged electrons surrounded this core like planets around the sun, hence called the planetary model of the atom

Rutherford Model

features a positively charged core where the mass of the whole atom is concentrated

negatively charged electrons surround this core like planets around the sun, hence called the planetary model

Rutherford Model

improvement of Rutherford model

this atomic model still proposes that the atom consists of a positively charged core where the most lf of the mass is concentrated

electrons can only travel around this core it nucleus in certain orbits that corresponds to thr energy of the electron (energy levels or orbitals)

Bohr Model

called the enerhy level quantum number

the lower the energy, the closes the electron to its source of attraction

principal quantum number, n

called the angular quantum number or orbital angular momentum quantum number

each value of "n" has multiple values of "l" ranging from 0 to n-1

determines the shape of the electron cloud

azimuthal quantum number, l

describes the orientation or orbitals within a sublevel

does not affect the orbital energy, only integer valurs between -1 and +1 are allowed

magnetic quantum number, m

only two possible values for s: +1/2 and -1/2

referred to us spin up or spin down

used to explain bahvaior of individual electrons as if they were spinning clockwise or counterclockwise

spin quantum number, s

states that in an atomic molecule, no two electrons can have the same four electronic quantum number

Paul Exlcusion Principle

number of protons inside the nicleus of an element

atomic number

sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons found inside the nucleus of an atom

mass number

elements found at the center of the PTE

elements that can have more than 8 electrons in their shell

transition elements

found rightmost column of PTE

elements have full outermost shells, they rarely combine with other elements

called inert gasses

noble gasses

15 elements found from one of two rows that are separated from the periodic table

rare earth elements or inner transition metals

lanthanides

row below lanthanides

most of the elements are radioactive and are not naturally occuring, produced in laboratory

actinides

compounds made up of cations and anions