EEREV 13
These atoms that contain only one type atom
monoatomic ions
These are ions that contain more than one atom
polyatomic ions
These are used to designate the atoms present in different molecules and compounds
chemical formula
type of chemical formula that shows the exact number of atoms from each element that is present in the molecule or the compound.
molecular formula
Type of chemical formula that shows the simplified ratio if the atoms from each element that is present in the molecule or compound.
simplest chemical formula
empirical formula
refers to the amount of substance, ve it stoms, molecules or other particles
mole
1 mole equals ________
6.022 x 10^23 particles
substances that are made up of two or more elements
compounds
compounds that are made up of cations and anions
most of them are binary compounds
ionic compounds
these are compounds made up of molecules formed from different elements
molecular compounds
if there are two or more forms of elements, these are called ______
allotropes
mass of one mole of a substance
molar mass
1 u = 1 amu = 1 dalton = 1 g/mol = _______
1.66x10^-27 kg
sum of atomic masses in the molecule
molecular mass
the ______ by mass gives the amount in terms of percentage of an element in a compound
percent composition
___ occurs when the nuclear breaks down into smaller particles
radioactivity
There are three types of particles:
alpha, beta, gamma
particles with no charge
gamma particles
particles with highest energy among the three
gamma
energy absorbed or released when a nucleus breaks down or when two nuclei combine
nuclear energy
process wherein a substance is transformed into another substance which has different properties from the original
chemical reaction
the reactant that will run out first is called ____
limiting agent
the reactant that have quantities more than what is needed in the chem reaction are called ___
excess reagents
relationship between the number or reactants that must be used and the amount of product desired in every chemical reaction
stoichiometry
exist in nature under certain conditions of pressure and temperature
gasses
The standard unit of pressure is
Pascal or Newton per square meter
a pressure exerted by the earth's atmosphere
atmospheric pressure
states that at constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure applied
Boyle's Law
states that the volume of a gas and the absolute temperature are directly proportional at a constant pressure
Charle's Law
states that at constant volume the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature
Gay-Lussac's Law
states that the volume of a gas and the number of moles present is directly proportional at constant temperature and pressure
gas law that relates volume to the amount of substance
Avogadro's Law
states that the volume of a gas is held constant increasing the temperature of the gas increases its pressure
same with gay lussac's law
Amonton's Law
__ is a gas in which the volume of the gas molecules is negligible compared to the volume occupied by the gas
ideal gas
states that the total pressure of gas is just the sum of partial pressures of the individual gases
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
dimensionless quantity that gives the number of moles of an individual component to the number of moles of an individual component to the number of moles of all component present in mixture
mole fraction
theory that gases are made up of large number of small particles (atoms or molecules) all of which are in constant random motion
kinetic theory or kinetic molecular theory of gases
describes particle speeds in gases where the particles di not constant react with each other but move freely between short collisions
describes the probability of a particle's speed being near given value as a function of the temperature of the system, the mass of the particle and the speed value
maxwell-boltzmann
boltzmann's contant
1.38x10^-23 J/K
states that the rates of effusion of two escaping gases is inversely proportional to the sqaure root of their molar mass
Graham's Law of Effusion
is the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid or math model used to describe such random movements often called the particle theory
Brownian movement
way to represent an atom with the corresponding number of valence electron
it consist of the symbol of the element and a dot each for valence electron of that element
Lewis dot symbol
bond that holds ions together in an ionic compound which is usually solid at standard temperature and pressure
ionic bond
bond that occurs when electrons are being shared by different atoms
covalent bonds
two atoms bond using a single pair of valence electron
single bond
two atoms bond using multiple pair of valence electron
double bond - share two pairs of valence electrons
triple bond - share 3 pairs of valence electron
multple bonds
there are instances when electrons involved spend more tme near the vicinity of one atom
it is a result of electronegativity of some elements
polar covalend bonding or polar bonding
is a measure of ability of atoms to attract electrons toward themselves
electronegativity
most used scale for electronegativity
Pauline scale
this is the intermolecular force between polar molecules. polar molecules will allign with other polar molecules with opposite polarity
dipole-dipole forces
it is intermolecular force between a cation or anion and a polar molecule. the strength of this type of force is dependent on the charge of the ion and the size of the polar molecule.
ion-dipole forces
intermolecular force that is a product of the motion of nonpolar molecules causing transient or temporary dipoles. this is significant when atoms are so close together.
it also increases as the molecular mass increases
dispersion force ot london dispersion force
special type of dipole dipole force that involves a hydrogen atom and another electronegative molecule or ion with an unshared number of electrons
hydrogen bond
homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
solution
it is a solution that has maximum amount of solute that are dissolved
saturated solution
it is a solution thst has less amount of solute that solvent can possibly dissolve
unsaturated solution
solution that has an amount of solute greater than the amount of solute in the saturated solution.
possibility of the formation of crystals because of crystallization which us a proxess which the dissolved solute separates from the solution and forms crystals
supersaturated solution
solute that are dissolved in water are called ____
aqueous solution
these are substances that can conduct electricity when they are dissolved in water. it must dissociate or must break into cations and anions once it is dissolved.
most acids and bases
electrolytes
there are substances that cannont conduct electricity when they are dissolved in water
non-electrolytes
is a measure of how much solute can possibly dissolved in a given amount of solvent under certain specific conditions
solubility
is the capability of a substance to he dissolved in another substance with the definite proportions
miscibility
states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid
Henry's Law
states that when a nonvolatile solute is added to water or another solvent the vapor pressure of the solvent is depressed
Raoult's Law
the process in which the solute molecules are now sorrounded by the solvent molecules
solvation
process which the solute molecules are now surrounded by solvent molecules and if jte solvent is water
hydration
it is the mass of the solute in a specific mass of solution
it is unitless
is independent of variation in temperature since it involves mass
percent by mass / percent by weight
formula for % by mass
(mass solute/mass solution)*100
is the number of moles of solute present in a liter of the solution
unit of mol/L or M
dependent on changes of temperature
molarity
formula for molarity
moles solute/volume solution in liters
number of moles of solute present in 1 kg of solvent
unit: mol/kg or m
independent in changes of temperature
molality
formula of molality
moles solute/mass of solvent in kg
gram equivalent weight of a solute per liter solution
equivalent per liter
normality
heterogeneous mixture of particles that are much larger than normal solute molecules in homogenous solutions
result of dispersion of one type if substance throughout another substance
colloids or colloidal suspension
states that when the light passes through a colloid, it should be scattered by the dispersed particles
Tyndall effect
substances that ionize in water to produce H+ ions
acids
substances that ionize in water to produce OH- ions
bases
acid as proton donors
Bronsted acids
bases as proton acceptors
Bronsted bases
chemical reaction between acid and bases will product water and salt
neutralization reactions
____ of a solution is a unique way to measure the acidity.
the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration in mol/L
pH or Power of Hydrogen
are inorganic acids that ionize completely in water
strong acids
dont ionize completely in water
weak acids
are electrolytes that ionize completely in water
strong bases
electrolytes that dont ionize completely in water
weak bases
are inorganic substances that occur naturally on earth
minerals
mineral deposit from which metals can be extracted economically
ore
study of separating metals from ores or their corresponding alloys which are solutions of metals
metallurgy
chemistry of the living world
biochemistry
process of digesting its related chemical reaction
metabolism
is the breakdown of sugar where we usually get our energy
glycolysis
chemical reaction that builds sugar which are molecules that store energy
only plants can do
photosynthesis
inorganic compound that is just another way of saying "sugar"
carbohydrate, another term is saccharide
if there is only one sugar molecule
monosaccharide
if there are two sugar molecules
disaccharide
organic compound that is evident in fat, steroid and waxes. waxes are natures way to protect themselves
lipids
known as triglyceride, made out of glycerol that is connected in different fatty acids
fat
are bulding blocks of all living organism
nucleic acids
are used in different body cells to produce protein needed for survival.
amino acids
amino acids bonds together to make long chains and those long chains of amino acids are called ___
proteins
is the study of chemical processes that cause electrons to move. it is concerned with the effect of electrical voltages and currents on chemical reactions (ionics) and chemical changes which produce voltage and currents (electrodics)
electrochemistry