Biology
What is excretion?
The process of removing metabolic waste from the body and it is essential in all living things
What five organs does the excretory system include to eliminate waste from the body?
Skin, kidneys, lungs, liver, intestines
What are metabolic wastes?
Metabolic wastes are the byproducts produced during metabolic processes in the body
What is the process called when solid wastes go through the gastrointestinal tract and exit through the anus?
Defecation
How is urea made?
It is converted from ammonia in the liver. ( break down of amino acids)
Do all of the organs in the excretion work together?
No they do not they all do their own thing independently but they are all necessary to successfully create a full range of waste from the human body
What is the kidney?
It is a major excretory organ that is been shaped and filters out wastes like urea, salt, excess water from the bloodstream and then elluminates them by the production of Pee
How do the kidneys work hard to maintain homeostasis?
Through water regulation and pH balance.
What function do lungs have?
They primarily function in gas exchange but they also excrete gaseous waste (co2 and h2o)
What is the skins function?
It serves as a protective barrier for our bodies and organs and regulates our body temperature and eliminates waste through sweat production.
What does sweating help with?
It helps regulate her body temperature and eliminate excess heat, water and waste products
What is the function of the liver?
It's the bodies filter and it cleans the blood removes harmful substances and breaks down toxins and drugs and turns them into safer forms so that they can be removed from the body
What happens to the broken down harmful substances from the liver?
The by products are excreted into the bile of the body so that they can then be removed through the large intestine in the form of feces
They can also be transferred to the blood which then they would go through the kidneys and leave the body in the form of urine
What happens to all of the blood in the stomach and intestines?
It flows through the liver for processing
What happens to the blood in the liver? Three answers
It undergoes filtration, detoxification and metabolic processing
What are hepatocytes?
These are the main cell types in the liver metabolize and detoxifies substances like alcohol drugs and metabolic wastes
What is bile?
Bile is a greenish yellow fluid that helps carry away waste and breaks down fats in the small intestine
how is biliubin extreted?
this is excreted by liver into the bile to be eliminated from the body via feces
what is bilirubin?
bilirubin is formed when the red bloodcells are broken down(by product of heme, component of hemoglobin)
what does the large intestine do?
plays a minor role in excretion because of defecation (get rid of any waste like undigested food)
what 5 things does the unrinary system consist of?
Kidneys, urinary bladder, urinary sphincter, ureters, urethra
what does the urinary system do?
filters blood, removes waste products, regulating fluid and electrolyte balance and urine production
three main sections of the kidney and what they do
renal cortex (outer region)
conaints nephrons and the function is responsible for filtering blood and producing urine
renal medulla (inner region)
consists of renal pryamids and renal colums that help transport urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis
renal pelvis( center region)
funnel shaped structure in thr middle of the kidney that collects urine from the nephrons and transports it to the ureters
function of renal arteries and renal veins?
renal arteries carry unfiltered blood away from the heart (supply oxygenate blood to the kidneys)
renal veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart from the kidneys
ureters are long musular tubes that do what?
carry urine from renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
what is the urinary bladder?
sac like organ that stores urine till it is excreted
what are urinary sphincters?
muscular structures that control the flow of urine through the urethra( spincters relax during urination)
what are nephrons responsible for?
filtering blood and producing urine
what are the three stages in the nephron?
filteration, absorbtion and sectretion
in the nephron, what sturcture has tiny blood vessels and what surrounds it?
the glomerulus is surrounded by the bowmans capsule
from the bowmans capsule, there is a renal tubule and it has three parts, what are they called?
proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule
what is the distal tubule connected too?
the collecting duct
where does filtration in the nephron occur?
renal corpuscle, consists of the bowmans capsule and glomerulus
what happens in reabsorbtion in the nephron?
it happend primarily in the proximal convoluted tubule and the loop of henle and some of thr filtrate is absorbed back into th blood ( makes sure that valuble things like water and amino acids stay in the body)
where does secretion occur and what is it?
primarily in the distal convoluted tubule where the kidney secretes certain substances from the bloodstream into the tubular fluid and it is mostly controled by the endocrine hormones
what do endocrine hormones control?
they control the reabsorbtion and secretion from the filtrate in the nephron
what is a feedback mechanism?
a regulatory process that maintains stability or homeostasis in a shstem by responding to changes in a systems condition
what shape does the feedback mechanism take?
shape of a loop to aid in maintaining homeostasis
what are the two different feedback mechanisms and what do they mean?
positive feedback
loop occurs when a change in one direction os followed by another in the same direction
negative feedback
loop occurs when a change in one direction produces a change in the other direction
when the bodys water is decreased due to sweating or urination and the salts levels increase in the blood what is triggered so we are signaled to drink water?
the brain or the hypothalamus (special cells)
what does ADH stand for and what does it do?
Antidiuretic hormone and prevents further dehydration and maintains water balance
how is ADH released?
when the hypothalamus signals to the pituitary gland
what does ADH act on?
on the nephrons in the kidney (collecting duct) to conserve water and reduce urine output
where is the aldesterone located and what hormone produces it?
on top of the kidneys and produced by the adrenal glands
why can aldesterone be released?
low blood pressure, low blood volume or high levels of potassium in the blood
how does aldesterone regulate salts ( sodium and potassium) balance?
acts on the kidneys distal tubules and collecting ducts (absorb more sodium and exctrete more potassium)
what three streps are involved in a urinalysis?
-physical examination
assesment of color, cloudiness, odor
-chemical examintation
decection of various substances
-microscopic examination
under a microscope to decect presence of abnormal cells other particles...
what is kidney failure?
renal faliure is when the kidney looses its ability to filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood properly
what causes kidney faliure?
diabetes, high blood pressure, genetic conditions
how to help kidney faliure?
by personal life modifications like diets and maintaining a healthy weight, kidney transplant and dialysis
what are the two types of dialysis and what do each do?
-hemodialysis
is an artificial kidney machine where blood is filtered externally through a machine three times a week at a clinic
-peritoneal dialysis
dialysis solution into abdomen of patient through catheter soaking up fluid and waste from the blood and done several times a day usually at home while sleeping