PYSC-2400 Midterm
What is top-down processing?
Perception based on previous knowledge/experience
What is bottom-up processing?
Perceptions built from sensory input
What is Interhemispheric transfer?
Communication between left and right hemispheres, enabled by the corpus callosum
What is Hebbs connectionist model?
A way of modelling cognition as emergent process of communicating neuron networks. "cells that fire together wire together"
What is Broca Aphasia?
A deficit in ones ability to produce speach due to damage in the Broca's area of the brain (left hemisphere)
What is Wernicks Aphasia?
Deficit in ability to process the meaning of words due to Wernicks area damage. Ex. Apple car tree pinecone as a sentence.
What is a stroke? What are the two different types? Which is worse?
The abrupt loss of blood or bleeding in the brain.
Ischemic: Blook deprived (80% of cases) from blood clots blocking blood flow
Hemorrhagic: Bleeding in the brain caused by burst blood vessels disrupting blood flow and destroying brain issue. Causes more damage and requires surgery.
What is coup contrecoup?
A closed head injury resulting in brain swelling and bruising. Often from car crashes.
What is the transparency assumption?
When the brain is damaged and repaired, an entirely new system is NOT created even though repairs are made.
What is brain plasticity?
The idea that the brain repairs itself on cognitive and neural levels
before development, brain damage can lead to the opposite hemisphere taking over functions of the damaged area. (T/F)
True
What is used since we cannot control parts of the brain damaged on humans?
Animals or Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: stimulates brain damage without actually causing damage, reversable and brief.
What is an EEG and what is its uses? Good or bad temporal resolution and spatial resolution?
Electroencephalography
It measures the time flow of sensory information and response processes through recording electric signals.
Good Temporal resolution
Bad spatial resolution
What is a PET Scan?
A scan that involves injection of radioactive fluid into the brain. detects bloodflow in different areas
Good Spatial resolution
Bad temporal resolution
What is an fMRI? Good/bad temporal and spatial resolution
A big magnet that detects the flow of oxygenated blood to areas of the brain creating an image of the brain
Good Spatial resolution
Bad temporal resolution
What does a MEG scan do?
Combines features of all imaging to get good temporal resolution and good spatial resolution.
What is temporal resolution?
How closely the measured activity corresonds to the timing of the actual neural activity
What is spatial resolution?
How accuratley activity is localized in the brain
What is sensory adaptation?
Failure to percieve things that are consistent over extended periods of time.
What is inattential blindness?
Missing something due to a lack of attention
What is change blindness?
A failure to notice a change in something one is focused on
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Cornea
Pupil
Lens
Retina (rods, cones, fovea)
Optic nerve
Optic Chiasm
V1
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
The idea that language effects how something is percieved ex. communities that break green down into very specific shades will see green that way.
What does retiontopic mean?
The V1 is retiontopic. arrangement of light on the retina is retained in response properties of V1.
What is feet-forward operating in bi-directional visual processing?
Bottom-up approach. Uses visual info from the V1. The what and where pathways.
What is the Feet-back approach in bi-directional visual processing?
Top-down. Uses regions in the end of ventral and dorsal pathways of the V1.
What is the jumbled word effect?
You can read sentences even if some letters are mixed up in the words.
What is the Word Superiority effect?
It is easier to identify a a letter if it is in a word versus a non-word or alone.
What does the V4 do?
Region of the brain effecting color perception in the extrastride cortex.
What is achromatopsia?
Failure to percieve color, everything is on a greyscale. NOT the same as color blindness.
What does the V5 do?
The V5 percieves motion in the extrastride cortex.
What is akinetopsia?
A failure to percieve motion
What is visual agnosia?
An object recognition deficit, not relating to vision impairments
what is apperceptive agnosia?
Failure to understand meaning of an object, due to object perception deficit
What is integrative agnosia?
A failure to interpret individual parts as a whole
What is optic ataxia?
Poor visual guidence of reaching due to impairment of the Dorsal (where/how)
What are the 3 stages of object regonition?
1) intital: Recognizing the basic attributes
2) intermediate: grouping basic elements into high-order units, coding depth and sorting surfaces into figure and ground
3) Final/advanced: Recognize and attribute meaning to objects
What is Selfridges 3 levels pandemonium model of pattern recognition?
1) Features: properties of the stimulus (size, shape, etc.)
2) Cognitive demons: Decides if stimulus matches the pattern
3) Decision demons: Decides which pattern is recognized based on input from cognitive demons
What is component recognition?
Breaking objects into geons (fundemental 3d shapes)
What are the 4 principals of the Gestalt grouping principal
Perception is holistic (we see the whole) not atomistic ( individual parts)
1) Law of proximity: Close things grouped together
2) Law of similarity: Shared features grouped
3) Law of good continuation: Edges grouped to avoid breaks
4) Law of good closure: Lets us still see a whole even with small components missing.
What is a prototype?
Average or standard representation of something in in memory
What is template matching?
Comparing sensory input with configurations in the memory
Facial recognition versus object recognition?
Facial uses within catagory discrimination (all faces looks the same), object uses between catagorization (pen v. cup)
What are facial regonition units (FRU)?
Stored knowledge on 3D structure of familiar faces
What are person identification nodes (PINs)?
Description of people that link perceptual and semantic knowledge
What is fusiform face area (FFA)?
Areas in inferior temporal lobe that responds more to faces than objects.
What is prosopagnosia?
Face processing impairment, no visual difficulties.
What is Multimodal appropraitness hypothesis?
Different senses are better for different stimuli, thus sensory modalities will dominate at times.
What is the visual prepotency effects?
Visual systems dominate other senses in perceptual processing
What is the McGurk Effect?
Percieving different sounds in listening, watching, and both. Ba Ga Da
What is dichotic listening Broadbent experiment?
Different info read into each ear and asked to focus on one ear. Questions about the focused ear were answered well and questions on the unattended ear were anwsered poorly
What is the cocktail party effect?
Ability to focus on a conversation while many are going on.
What is early selection?
Attention prevents early perceptual processing of distractions
What is late selection?
Percieving both relevent and irrelevent info, thus we must focus on relevent
What is automaticity?
Processing without attention
What is spatial attention?
We aren't aware of all things in our view so we must select them like a spot light
What is an EXOgenous shift?
INVOLUNTARY movement of attention triggered by stimuli
What is ENDOgenous Shift?
VOLUNTARY shift of attention
What is attention capture?
Powerful distractions that pull attention from something else, ex. 9/11
What is object based non-spatial attention?
Different paths representing different stimulus types increases activity when attended
What is an attention blink?
Inability to notice target stimuli that appears too soon after another
What is pseudo neglect?
More attention goes to the left-side of the brain
Neglect?
fail to attend to stimulus on opposite side of space to a brain lesion. ex. right sided lesion = inattention to left side
How quickly does iconic and echoic sensory memory decay?
in miliseconds if not transfered into short-term memory
How long is short term memory retained for?
Under 18s
What is the working memory?
System of short-term memory that holds info for short periods. Temporarily stores and manipulates info for complex activities
What is a phonological loop?
Maintaining audio memories by internal reversal
Visuospatial sketchpad?
Holds visual and spatial images for manipulation
What is an eposodic buffer?
holds info from audio and visual memory and long-term memory fro brief period
Non-declarative long-term?
No conscious thought needed, associated with behavoir
What is priming
unconscious process of recogniation
Procedural memory?
Knowing how to do things
Declartive long-term memory?
system of conscious memories and facts
What is retrograde amnesia?
Loss of ability to remember the past
Anterograde amnesia?
Loss of ability to form new memories
What is infantile amnesia?
Inability to recall childhood events
What is the role of hippocampus?
Learning and memory, encoding new memories (not storage), Activated upon retrival of info, Damage causes amnesia
Semantic dementia?
Cannot access facts or knowledge
Bucther on the bus?
Feeling of knowing someone but not where from or why
Tip of the toungue?
Knowing you know something but can't recall
reminiscence bump?
Increased event recall from ages 10-30, at ages 35-40, milestones and firsts
Semnatic memory declines as one ages (T/F)
False, it increases/decreases less than episodic
As one ages episodic memory declines (t/f)
True
Info accumulation perspective?
Experiences bring increasing info-processing loads
What is continued accumulation?
Worse performance across cognitive tasks for old people
Conways hierachy model 3?
1) specific memories
2) general events
3) Life periods
Example of flashbulb memory?
9/11, COVID, etc
Do flashbulb memories need to happen directly to you?
No
What is trace theory?
recalling an event is like reliving
what is now print theory?
Flashbulb memory is perminantly and immediatly inprinted into long-term memory
What is ordinary memory approach?
Flashbulbs are normal memories with emotion attached and confidence
What is consolidation theory?
Memory traces aren't fully formed after the event, take time to consolidate
retroactive interference?
Consolidation interupted by events occuring afterwards
Proactive interference?
Older info interfering with ability to learn
Reconsolidation?
Memory trace revised upon reactivation due to contact with other exeriences
Two techniques of schema theory?
1) method of repeated production: reading material and try to reproduce later
2) Method of serial reproduction: given something to remember, recall, and explain to someone else.
- 2 gives best reproduction because participants are rationalizing to make it coherent as possible
What is a schema?
Organized mass of past reactions, guiding behavoir
4 processes of schema theory
1) Selection: pick info fitting interested
2) Abstraction: Convert info to abstract form
3) interpretation: interpret from existing info
4) Integration: integrate info to be consistent with schema
Misinformation effect?
Misleading info on a past event can integrate into the original memory
Source monitoring errors?
Remembering specific info but mistake specific episode from the source
Craik and Lockhart 3 levels of processing
1) Visual
2) Audio
3) meaningful
Transfer appropriate processing (TAP)?
Deep processing at encoding doesn't always mean better retrieval. Memory is best when info processing at encoding matches info processing at retrieval
Encoding specificty effect?
Matching envoirnment with internal states to activate or access a specific memory. Memory works better when you have similar cues from time of the event.
Vigilance?
Externally imposed sustained attention. ex. job
Viglilance decrement?
Performance declines overtime in vigilance tasks.
Overload View: Too demanding and depleated resources
Underload view: Task not stimulating enough
Central bottle neck theory?
Attention needs a central processor that can only proces info relevant to the task
Structural limits?
Interference between tasks most likely when sharing the same processing sources