Land Plants
Characteristics of Land Plants
Cellulose Wall, Store startch
Adaptations for land
Waxy cuticle with stomata (open/close to avoid suffication)
Reproductive organs are housed in a jacket of sterile tissue
Later: Water transporting tissue
How to study?
Nonvascular plants
Seedless vascular plants
Seed plants
NonVascular Plants
Bryophyta (Moss), Hepatophyta (Liverwort)
Bryophyta (moss) Life Cycle
1. Plant is haploid
2. Produces egg and sperm in archegonia and antheridia
3. Zygote is held in the archaegonium and grows into a sporophyte
4. Sporophyte produces spores by meiosis
Bryophyta
Rhizoids grip surface, Stem like upper part
Hepatophyta (Liverwort)
Life cycle similar to moss, Lobed/flat thallus with rhizoids, Umbrella like structures hold antheridia and archegonia, gemme cups water bounces out after asexual repro.
Seedless Vascular Plants
Rhiniophyta (Extinct), Psilophyta (Whiskfern), Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, Pteridophyta
Psilophyta (Whiskfern) Life Cycle
1. Plant is diploid sporophyte
2. Produces spores by meiosis
3. Spores grow into free living gametophyte
Psilophyta (Whiskfern)
No roots or leaves all stem, vascular tissue, resembles extinct species
Lycophyta
Life cycle is similar to psilophyta, Produces spores in cone like strabulus, one sporongium per sporophyl, homosporous or heterosporous, megaspores (female), microspores (male), True roots and leaves, Extinct forms were trees
Sphenophyta
Life cycle similar to lycophyta, strobulus, homosporous, underground stem gives to leaf/stem, Extinct trees
Pteridophyta
Same old lifecycle, Spores produced in spori on bottom of leaf, leaves are megaphylls, typically compound, Circinate vernation, Extant trees aswell as extinct
Rhiniophyta (extinct)
No roots or leaves, Larger stage of lifecycle was diploid and bore sporangia, Roots from strong selective pressures, leaves from webbed branches
Deepest Growing photosynthetic organism
Rhodophyta
Larger stage of Bryophyta (Moss)
Gamteophyte
Gymnosperms (seeded but flowerless)
Pinophyta/Cupressophyta/Cycadophyta/Ginkophyta/Gnetophyta
Pinophyta (Cupressophyta) Life Cycle
1. Mature Sporophyte (2n)
2a. Pollen bering cone -> meiosis (n) -> Microspore -> mitosis
2b. Ovulate cone -> meiosis (n)
3. Pollination
4. Fertilization
5. Embryo (2n)
6. Developing sporophyte
7. Mature sporophyte
Pinophyta (Cupressophyta)
Needle like leaves for dry conditions, trees, tracheid only (no vessels)
Cycadophyta
Fern like foliage, cones, sperm swim within the pollen grain
Ginkophyta
Petrified forests, Leaves are fern shpaed in the one extant species
Gnetophyta
Bizarre polyphyletic group, Mormon tea (pseudophyn), Have vessel elements
Angiosperms (flowering plants)
Anthophyta
Anthophyta Life cycle
Mega/microsporangia are housed in the flower either in ovary or anther
pistil or carpel -> stygma/style/ovary
Stamen -> Anther/Filment
Sepals and petals may not be present
Ovary becomes fruit
Double fertilization
Anthophyta double fertilization
Zygote/Endosperm
Anthophyta pollination
Animals are way more efficient than use of weather
Anthophyta vegetative characteristics
Tracheids and vessels in xylen, Highly variable (trees, shrubs, herbs)
Anthophyta subgroups
Monocotydene
- One seed
- Parallel veins
- flower parts in 3's
- Grasses, lillies, irises, cattails, orchids
Diatolydene
- Two leaves
- Branched veins
- Flower parts in 4's/5's
- Maple, rose, heather, oaks