Endocrinology
The endocrine system is part of the body's _________ _____________ ________
extracellular communication system
__________ __________ links the brain to the organs functions which control metabolism, homeostasis, reproduction, growth, and well-being (My Hormones aRe Great Workers)
The endocrine system
The ____ links the immune and endocrine sytems
CNS
The endocrine system has 2 major components, the ______ and ________ system
immune and endocrine
Hormones are ________ _________ produced by glands or cells
chemical messengers
Hormones act through the _________, ________, and ________ sytems
autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine
The hormones of the _________ system affect the same type of cell it was released from (Ex. cytokines)
autocrine
The hormones of the _________ system binds to the receptors of nearby cells of a different type (Ex. neurotransmitters and neurohormones)
paracrine
The endocrine system works through an elaborate network of _________ (Ex. insulin, thyroxine, and cortisol)
hormones
The endocrine system is a series of _______ that release their hormones directly into blood to transport them to their target cells
glands
Hormones act on their target through _________
receptors
Receptors are specific __________ _________ located on the surface of the cell membrane or within the cytosol
binding proteins
The binding of a hormone to a receptor serves as a signal to a cells nucleus to start synthesis of _______________
mRNA messages and new proteins
some hormones require the use of a __________ ______, activated by the hormone binding to a receptor
second messenger
The second messenger system uses ________________ _________ to transmit the message to its target inside the cell
intracellular molecules
Hormones are either ____________, _______, or _________ ________
polypeptide/protein, steroids, or amino acids
If a hormone ends in "one" (aldosterone) it is a ___________
Steroid
_____________
water soluble
requires a secondary messenger
does not require a protein carrier
has a half life ≤ 30 min
ACTH
PTH
Insulin
Growth hormone
(APIG)
Polypeptide/protein
_____________
water insoluble
does not require a secondary messenger
requires a protein carrier
has a half life 30-90 min
Vitamin D
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Sex hormones
(VACS)
Steroid
_____________
water soluble
requires a secondary messenger sometimes
requires a protein carrier
Thyroxine: half life of 7-10 days
Catecholamines: ≤ 1 min (such as epinephrine)
Amino Acids
stimulating/releasing/inhibiting hormones are made in the __________
hypothalamus
Hormones are ______________________
potent, biologically active compounds
______ levels can affect some hormone levels
Protein
The __________ sends stimulating/releasing or inhibiting hormones to the pituitary gland to regulate hormone production
hypothalamus
__________ feedback is trying to acheive a balance in the body using hormones (homeostasis)
Negative
_______ feedback is using hormones for body processes
Positive
the _________ _________ is just a store room
posterior pituitary
The hypothalamus has _________ and ___________ connections to the pituitary glands
neural and anatomical
The hypothalamus stimulates/ inhibits hormone release from the _______________
adenohypophysis
The hypothalamus controls the pituitary through the _______________________ __________ system
hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal
Majority of hypothalamus hormones are _____________
polypeptide/proteins
The hormones synthesized and released from the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis are the __________________________________
releasing/stimulating/inhibiting hormones, LH, Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), prolactin, and somatostatin
The hypothalamus releases ADH/AVP and oxytocin to the _________________ for storage
neurohypophysis
PRIF is also called the _____________ ________
neurotransmitter dopamine
_____________ is also called growth hormone inhibiting factor
Somatostatin
The anterior pituitary is also called the _________________
adenohypophysis
The posterior pituitary is also called the _________________
neurohypophysis
The pituitary gland is inside of the __________ _________ (Turkish Saddle)
Sella Turcica
The pituitary is ~ 1cm or less in height and width and weighs ~ ____ mg
500
The ___________ ________ is called the master endocrine organ due to its role in controlling growth, water and salt homeostasis, development, thyroid function, adrenal function, and gonadal function
pituitary gland
All anterior pituitary hormones are ______________
proteins/polypeptides
The neurohypophysis is mostly composed of _________ __________
neural tissue
ADH/AVP release is regulated mainly by the brains ______________
Osmoreceptors
___________ is caused by deficient ADH
Polyuria
___________ or ___________ is caused from ADH overload
oliguria or anuria
________ promotes contractions, milk ejection, and labor
oxytocin
The primary stimululs for oxytocin is ________
suckling
The adenohypophysis is responsible for secretion of ________ and ________ hormones
trophic and tropic
The hormones released by the adenohypophysis (front of the ship) is ____________________________ (FLAGPT)
FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, PRL, and TSH
Pituitary dysfunction may be from ____________________
genetic disorders, infections, tumors, or head injury (in youth)
Low cortisol suggests ____ _______
Adrenal Deficiency
Some glandular diseases will be classified as ______, ______, or ______ depending on which part of the endocrine system is the cause
primary, secondary, or tertiary
Pituitary diseases are often difficult to diagnose and requires some form of testing through pituitary ___________ and __________
Suppression and stimulation
GH is sythesized by the ___________ cells of the adenohypophysis and is stored within intracellular granules
somatotropic
_______________ is the most abundant hormone produced by the adenohypophysis
GH
GH reaches its peak value during the ______ period of sleep
REM
GH trigger synthesis and release of the polypeptide _________
IGF-1
GH promotes _____, ___, and ______ growth
tissue, bone, and cartilage
GH is a _________ hormone because it influences anabolic and catabolic processes
amphibolic
____________ is the adult form of GH excess
Acromegaly
__________ ___________ is the child version of GH excess
pituitary gigantism
_______ _________ is a reversible GH deficiency caused by stress
Psychosocial dwarfism
____________ are the usual testing method for GH and IGF
Immunoassays
The ________________________ is the most reliable test for GH excess diagnosis
Oral glucose tolerance test
The ________________________ is the most common test for GH deficiency
Insulin Challenge test
________ is a drug used to induce pituitary release of GH
levadopa
For adults with GH deficiency, a ___________________ is exclusively used
Insulin-induced hypoglycemia test
_______ stimulates and sustains lactation
Prolactin
Prolactin is produced by ___________
leukocytes
Prolactin can also affect ______ and _______ reabsorption
salt and water
_________________ is the most common hypothalamic-pituitary disorder
Hyperprolactinemia
_______________ are the most common secretory tumors of the pituitary gland
Prolactinomas
Prolactin is commonly measured using ____________ _____________ methods
automated immunoassay
Thyroid hormones control the ______ _______________
basal metabolic rate
TSH from the hypothalamus regulates __________________(T3 and T4)
thyroid hormone synthesis
Dietary ________ is involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones
Iodine
__________________ is made up of 2 tyrosine amino acid chains
Thyroglobulin
T3 and T4 are bound to ________________________
TBG, albumin, and transthyretin
T3 is ______ times more potent in biological systems than T4
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The 2 main thyroid gland pathological conditions are ___________ and ______________
Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism
Thyroid hormones and most importantly TSH is monitored to detect __________ ___________
Thyroid disease
Hyperthyroidism is a ______________ condition caused by excessive hormone production
hypermetabolic
________ _________ is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
Graves disease is caused from IgG antibody development against thyroid _________________
TSH receptors
Hyperthyroidsim can be treated with _______________-
Radioiodine adlation, drugs, or surgery
_____________ causes increased leakage of stored hormones into the gland itself
Thyroiditis
__________ is a severe form of hypothyroidism with mucopolysaccharide buildup
Myxedemia
___________(Congenital Hypothyroidism) is severe hypothyroidism in newborns
Cretinism
_________ ______________ is impaired T3 and T4 synthesis, which triggers hypersecretion of TRH and TSH
Primary hypothyroidism
TSH is a _______ hormone
trophic
A enlarged thyroid is called a _________
goiter
________ _______ is the most frequent cause of primary hypothyroidism
Hashimoto Thyroidism
Hashimoto Thyroidism leads to destruction of the thyroid _________ _____
follicular cells
__________ _______________ ______________ is loss or atrophy of thyroid tissue, resulting in less hormone production
Primary nongoitrous thyroidism
Goitrous Thyroidism is commonly caused by ________ __________, causing TSH hypersecretion
iodine deficiency
________ ____________ _________ is a result of pituitary or hypothalamic diseases that result in TSH and/or TRH deficiency
Central thyroid disease
Thyroid test use ____ or _______ __________ methods
kit or automated immunoassay
Hyperthyroidism usualls consists of a low ____ and high ____
TSH; FT4
TRH tests may diagnose _______ _________ ________
central thyroid disease
The average person has _ parathyroid glands
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