Osmosis

osmosis definition

the diffusion of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane

definition active transport

moves against the concentration gradient (low-high concentration)

moves against the concentration gradient

calculate magnification

image size➗size of real object

necleus: animal or plant and function

Both, contains DNA and controlls everything

Cytoplasm: animal or plant, function?

both, liquid gel, where most chemical reactions occur

Cell membrane: animal or plant, function

both, controls what comes in and out of the cell

Mitochondria: animal or plant, function

both, where respiration occurs, releases energy

ribosome: animal or plant, function

both, protein synthesis takes place

cell wall: animal or plant, function

plant, made of cellulose, gives strength and support to the cell

chloroplast: animal or plant, function

plant, found in green part of the plant, site of photosynthesis

vacuole: animal or plant, function

plant, filled with sap, keeps the cell rigid

define specialised cell

multicellular organisms specialise so they are very good at carrying out a particular function. adaptations to look different, the process is called differentiation

nerve cell function

carry electrical impulses around the body

nerve cell adaptations

1.many connections to other nerve cells
2. axon (longest spine➡️leg)
3. lots of mitochondria for energy

muscle cell function

contract to bring out movement

muscle function adaptations

1. special proteins that make fibres contract
2. many mitochondria for respiration
3. stores glycogen

sperm cell function

transfers male gentic info

transfer male genetic info

sperm cell adaptations

1. long tail for movement
2. lots of mitochondria to release energy
3. head stores enzymes
4. large necleus contains genetic info

red blood cell function

transport oxygen around the body

red blood cell adaptations

1. contains hemoglobin (red proteins combines with oxygen)
2. no necleus for more hemoglobin storage
3. small and flexible to fit narrow blood cells
4. biconcave shape to maximise surface area for oxygen absorbtion

root hair cell function

absorb water and mineral ions in soil

root hair adaptations

1. large surface area (to absorb more)
2. large permanent vacuole that speeds water movement
3. mitochondria to transfer energy

palisade cell function

makes food for the plant using photosynthesis

palisade cell adaptations

1. large permanent vacuole
2. regular shape
3. chloroplast for photosynthesis

xylem cell function

transports water and mineral ions to leaves and shoots

xylem adaptations

1. lining to strengthen
2. cells die and form hollow tubes allowing water to move easily from them

phloem function

carries food made by photosynthesis around the body

phloem adaptations

1. cell wall between cells break down to form sieve plates
2. lose internal structure
3. suported by companion cells
4. mitochondria transfer the energy

dilute

low concentration

concentrated

high concentration

diffusion definition

the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

what speeds up diffusion rate?

1. surface area
2. temp

hypertonic definition

more concentrated water moves from inside into the outside

high concentration moves to low concentration outside the cell

hypotonic definition

less concentrated wates moves from outside to inside

isotonic definition

the same on both sides, of the partially permeable membrane

eukaryotic

have a necleus and DNA in chromosones

prokaryotic

have DNA in plasmids in the cytoplasm

adaptations of gas exchange in the lungs

1.increased s.a = increased rate of diffusion
2. 1 cell thick - quick diffusion
3. provides good blood supply

adaptation for small intestine

1. wall is lined with villi
2. thin and has an increased s.a (increase diffusion speed)

adaptaions of the placenta

1. low in oxygen/ nutrients, high in co2 /waste (to mother)
2. villi increase s.a for diffusion
3. high in oxygen/ nutrients, low in co2/waste (from mother)