ENGUTIIL 2
is a service that is used by the public, such as water, electricity or gas supply.
UTILITIES
is a professional classification responsible for planning and design in the area of Mechanical, Electrical and plumbing and safety system including developing policies standard, inspection procedure and evaluation tools for MEP matters along with prepare, review drawing, specification and cost estimates for the mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing.
MEPS Engineer
MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL, PLUMBING, FIRE, AND SANITARY
MEPFS
WHAT IS THE UTILITIES SECTOR?
• THE UTILITIES SECTOR REFERS TO A CATEGORY OF COMPANIES THAT PROVIDE BASIC AMENITIES, SUCH AS WATER, SEWAGE SERVICES, ELECTRICITY, DAMS, AND NATURAL GAS.
• ALTHOUGH UTILITIES EARN PROFITS, THEY ARE PART OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE LANDSCAPE AND ARE THEREFORE HEAVILY REGULATED.
• INVESTORS TYPICALLY TREAT UTILITIES AS LONG-TERM HOLDINGS AND USE THEM TO INJECT STEADY INCOME IN THEIR PORTFOLIOS.
• It is the practice of installation of pipes, fixtures and other apparatus and maintenance of all pipes in connection with both water supply and sanitary system.
Plumbing
2 MAIN PURPOSES OF PLUMBING SYSTEM
• To convey and supply water in buildings or structure for human use and
• To dispose and discharge wastewater and other liquids, gases and other substances out of buildings in a safe, orderly, healthy and sanitary way to ensure the health and sanitation of life and property.
What is a plumbing system and how does it work?
• The plumbing system is really made up of two systems: the supply system that brings in fresh water, and the drain -waste -vent system that takes out used water and sewage.
• The drain -waste -vent system, commonly abbreviated DWV, also lets air in and waste gases out.
• Between these two systems are the fixtures (sinks, tubs, toilets, and so on).
• Every plumbing system design begins with identification of needs.
• Consider the kind and number of fixtures along with the quantity of both hot and cold water that will likely be used.
• With these needs in mind, select adequate piping for water supply and DWV for each fixture.
• Every plumbing system design begins with identification of needs .
• Consider the kind and number of fixtures along with the quantity of both hot and cold water that will likely be used.
• With these needs in mind, select adequate piping for water supply and DWV for each fixture.
• To increase efficiency and reduce costs, design the plumbing so that fixtures are clustered close together.
• If your property is in town, the water supply is easily obtained by tapping into the city’s water main.
• If you live in the county, your water will likely come from a well .
What is needed for the plumbing supply system?
• Recommended pressure varies from 40–60 pounds per square inch (psi) depending on such things as the number of fixtures, the height of the building, the length of piping, and the size of the piping.
• Water pressure is created by using a water pump to pump water, or by allowing water to flow by gravity from a water tower.
• Water towers are filled by pumping water into them.
• They have the advantage of providing a more constant pressure than water pumps.
• They also provide a reserve of water for peak use periods.
• Tall buildings may use the water tower principle and store water in a storage tank on the roof of the building.
• To maintain water pressure, design and run supply lines as short and direct as possible using a minimum number of fittings.
• Use pipe of adequate size, but do not use pipe larger than needed.
is the one who works or engages in the business of installing in building the pipes, fixtures, & other apparatuses.
PLUMBER
serves 3-5 years as a helper to a journeyman.
• Apprentice Plumber
served as an apprenticeship and is competent to perform the tasks of installing and repairing the plumbing works.
Journeyman Plumber
a person technically and legally qualified and licensed to practice the profession without limitations in accordance to R.A. 1378 or the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines.
• Master Plumber
Plumbing Practice in the Philippines
In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the government in the City of Manila. Master Plumber John F. Haas became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing Construction and Inspection. A Plumbing Code based on the Plumbing Code of the United States was incorporated into the Building Code for the City of Manila.
In 1935, the National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) was formally organized.
Manila City Ordinance 2411, the “Plumbing Code for the City of Manila” was enacted and placed under the Department of Public Services, Manila.
In 1954, the Third Congress approved House Bill No. 962 which in June 18, 1955, became R.A. 1378 “Plumbing Law of the Philippines” upon ratification of President Ramon Magsaysay
On January 28, 1959, the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines prepared by NAMPAP was promulgated and approved by Malacañang.
Before Martial Law in 1972, Republic Act No. 6541 otherwise known as the “Building Code of the Philippines” was passed with the “National Plumbing Code of 1959” as referral code in full text.
The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) adopted the Revised Plumbing Code of 1999 which President Joseph Estrada approved December 21, 1999 pursuant to Section 4 of R.A. 1378 known as the Plumbing Law.
IS THE MANIFESTATION OF THE RIGHT OF THE GOVERNMENT TO REGULATE THE PRACTICE OF THE PLUMBING PROFESSION BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF THE PROTECTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH.
PLUMBING CODE
All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water supply nor subject to backflow or back siphonage.
CLEAN WATER
CAN RESULT TO UNCLEAN POLLUTED AND CONTAMINATED WATER
• CROSS CONNECTIONS
UNWANTED FLOW OF WATER IN REVERSE DIRECTION
• BACKFLOW
PRESSURE IN THE TANK IS LOWER THAN THE WATER SYSTEM PRESSURE
• BACK SIPHONAGE
Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient volume and pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise
PRESSURE AND VOLUME
WHENEVER THE W.P. IN THE SOURCE OF SUPPLY WILL NOT PROVIDE A PRESSURE OF AT LEAST 103 kPa. SOLUTION: USE ELEVATED TANKS OR BOOSTER PUMP
• INADEQUATE WATER PRESSURE
WHEN LOCAL W.P. IS IN EXCESS OF 551 kPa. SOLUTION: PRESSURE REGULATOR
• EXCESSIVE W.P
A PRESSURE SURGE RESULTING TO NOISE AND VIBRATION DUE TO PIPE COLLAPSE
• WATER HAMMER
Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water consistent with proper performance and cleaning.
EFFICIENCY
Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion through overheating.
EXPLOSION
Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a public sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system.
SEWER
Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, one kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene.
DWELLING UNITS
22 BASIC PRINCIPLES
1. All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water supply nor subject to backflow or back- siphonage.
2. Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient volume and pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise.
3. Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water consistent with proper performance and cleaning.
4. Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion through overheating
5. Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a public sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system.
6. Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, one kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene.
7. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures.
8. The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned.
9. All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-APPROVED materials, free from defective workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service.
10. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap.
11. The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.
12. Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent clogging and the return of foul air to the building.
13. Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship.
14. Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall not be allowed to enter the building drainage system.
15. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system.
16. No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly lighted and ventilated.
17. If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision shall be made for the disposal of building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as a septic tank.
18. Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building.
19. Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master Plumbers.
20. All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their intended use.
21. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the preservation of the strength of structural members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage.
22. Sewage or other waste from plumbing system which may be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.
3 MAJOR PHASES OF WATER CYCLE
• Evaporation
• Condensation
• Precipitation
THE PLUMBING CYCLE
1. Source - Lakes, Rivers, Reservoirs
2. Supply - Water Mains, Storage Tanks
3. Distribution - Pressure, Piping Networks
4. Use - Plumbing Fixtures
5. Collection - Gravity, Piping Networks
6. Disposal - Sanitary and Storm Sewers
7. Treatment - Sewage Plants, Natural Purification
- found in lakes, ponds, and rivers
- easy to acquire, usually in large quantities
- but large number of bacteria so it must undergo purification and treatment is necessary
• Surface Water
- obtained from underground
- has abundant supply and less treatment needed
- with organic and chemical elements
• Groundwater
Spraying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it over rough surfaces to remove entrained noxious gases such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide
AERATION
Addition of coagulants, such as ferrous sulfate and lime, to the water which cause the larger suspended particles to form a gelatinous mass which precipitates readily. The precipitate is gathered in large dumps and disposed of.
Process which sediment collides and sticks together.
COAGULATION & FLOCULLATION
Water is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order to remove the finer suspended particles.
FILTRATION
Water is passed through basins so sediments can settle through a period.
SEDIMENTATION
Water is injected with hypo-chlorite or chlorine gas to kill the harmful bacteria.
CHLORINATION
Types of Wells:
• Shallow Wells
• Deep Wells
Most common type
Usually dug manually
Around 15 m deep
a.k.a. ‘shallow well’
• Dug Well
Similar to dug well, but constructed using an auger driven in by hand or with power tools.
Seldom hand driven below 15 meters, but can reach 40+ meters with power tools
• Bored Well
Use of extreme water pressure so as not to affect existing foundations in the vicinity
Makes use of a suction pump above, while casing acts as the pump riser
Used only where ground is relatively soft, hence sometimes referred to as “Sand-Point Wells”
• Jetted Well
Dug with a sharp pointed hollow slotted iron rod and well screen
Depths are from 10-15 meters
• Driven Well
Used for drilling oil
Can reach up to 1000 m
• Drilled Well
- Location must not be less than 100 ft. away from such pollution sources
- Locate on higher ground
- The deeper the well, the better for natural filtration
• Livestock feedlots
Methods of Well Screening
- Well screens are made of non-corrosive material like brass.
- Natural material like stones and rock sediment provide additional screening
• Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston
• Single Action (water is drawn in with only 1 motion) or;
• Double Action (water is drawn in with either stroke)
• Duplex or Twin Piston Pump
Piston Pumps
• Water is drawn into the pump & discharged with a centrifugal force
Centrifugal Pumps
Jet Pumps
• Jet pumps are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing water up from a well.
There are four types of Jet Pumps:
• Deep well Jet Pumps are used in high volume applications
• Shallow well Jet Pumps are used for residential wells
• Convertible Jet Pumps can be used for deep wells and shallow wells
• Miniature Jet Pumps are used for small applications
• Rotary pumps are piston pumps that make use of a pump driver
• Rotary Pumps can discharge from 900 to 1200 GPM
• Rotary Pumps are more efficient for viscous fluids
Rotary Pumps
• Submersible Pumps are designed to be fully immersible within a tank or other media storage receptacle.
• Many common types of pumps can be designed by manufacturers to be submersible
Submersible Pumps
• Sump pumps are used in applications where excess water must be pumped away from a particular area.
• Sump pumps, in general, is a category that encompasses a number of styles of pumps that are used to pump out collected fluid
Sump Pumps
• Turbine Pumps are centrifugal pumps used for large applications because of their multiple impellers
• Turbine Pumps can discharge up to 2000 GPM
Turbine Pumps
Considerations in choosing materials:
• Quality and durability.
• Resistance to external and internal contact with foreign matters.
• Resistance to acid waste and other chemical elements that will pass into it.
• Cost of materials and labor.
• Most popular and generally specified material for drainage installation.Extensively used in the 60s and 70s.
• Durable, conveniently installed (<25 storey)
• Commercial length: 600 cm
• Diameters: 50-150mm
• Affected to some extent by corrosion by acid formed by Carbon Dioxide, Sulphur Oxide, and Methane Gases that create rust
Cast Iron Soil Pipe
generally used; for building installations
1. SV type
extra duty; for underground installations
2. XV type
• Made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon
• Installed in chemical laboratories, industries and other installations where acid wastes are being discharged
• Brittle and cracks easily, thus horizontal runs have to be Supported at every 1.50-meter interval to prevent sagging
Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe
• Made of an asbestos fiber and portland cement
• Used as soil, waste, ventilation pipe & downspouts
• Suited for concrete embedment because of similar properties
Asbestos Pipe
• Cheapest of all types of pipes
• Light in weight, slightly flexible and can take slight soil movement without danger of cracking or pulling out of its joints.
• May be softened/damaged by excessive hot water or chemical flow
Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
• One of the oldest materials used for sewer lines
• Highly resistant to most acids
• Because it is made of clay, it is brittle and cracks easily when laid on unstable ground
• Made in short lengths of 750mm
Vitrified Clay Pipe
• The oldest pipe used for plumbing systems
• Highly resistant to acid
• Poisonous and injurious, is therefore not recommended to convey water for human consumption
Lead Pipe
• Made out of mild steel and expected to last 15 to 25 years
• Subject to deposits of salt and lime which can causeFHL
• Comes in several commercial sizes: 10 (3/8”), 13 (1/2”), 20 (3/4”), 25 (1’), 32 (1¼”), 38 (1½”), 50 (2”), 75 (3”), and 100 (4”)
Galvanized Steel Pipe
• Better then steel pipe for plumbing installation
• More resistant to acid waste
Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe
• Durable and extremely corrosive resistant
• Easy to install
• Smooth interior surface
Copper Pipe
heaviest; recommended for underground installations
• K type
lighter; available in both rigid and flexible form; recommended for residential water supply line and radiant heating installations
• L type
thinnest; available only in rigid form; for small water supply lines and radiant heating
• M type
• Most expensive
• Made of an alloy or zinc (15%) and copper (85%)
• Resistant to acids and has a smooth interior surface
Brass Pipe
• Developed in Germany in 1935
• Most are produced from synthetic resins
• Superior type of pipe because it weighs less, is easy to cut, is flexible, has a smooth interior surface, and is cheaper than steel
Plastic or Synthetic Pipe
• Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
• Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
• Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC)
• Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
• Polypropylene (PP)
• Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
1. Rigid type (pipes
• The Polyethylene (PE)- coil form; 30 m long
• The Polybutylene (PB)- coil form; 30 m - 150 m long
2. Flexible type (tubing
Used to change the angle or direction of the pipe run. Most commonly in 90 degrees and 45 degree turns. The sweep of the fitting describes how fast a transition or change in direction is made.
Elbows:
One end of the pipe fitting has male threads and the other end has female threads. These are common in galvanized steel and copper pipe. They are convenient because they do away with the need for a nipple and work well in tight quarters.
Street Elbows
Shaped like the letter Tallows for branch lines.
Tee Fittings
Used to join two straight pieces of pipe of the same diameter.
Couplings
Used to join pipe of different diameters. Makes a gradual change in diameter.
Reducers
Used to make the diameter of a pipe fitting smaller. They are different from reducers because they make an abrupt change in diameter and take little space.
Bushings
Used to join pieces of pipe where pipes cannot be turned or when a piece of equipment may have to be removed for maintenance or replacement.
Unions
Used to change the end of a non-threaded pipe to male or female threads as needed. Most commonly used in copper and plastic plumbing jobs.
Adaptor Fittings
Used to close the end of a dead-end pipe.
Caps
Used to close an ending on a pipe fitting normally used for inspection or cleanout.
Plugs
Short lengths of pipe threaded at both ends
Nipples
Used primarily to gain inside access to DWV (drain-waste-vent) systems.
Wyes
Devices that control the flow of liquid or gas through or from a pipe. (Compression valves, ball valves, sleeve-cartridge valves, ceramic disc valves, etc.)
Valves
Come in a wide variety of configurations and may be glued (S) or threaded (T)
PVC Fittings
Use compression fittings. Common fittings are couplings, ells, and tees.
Copper Tubing Fittings
• Start or shut down a system
• Regulate pressure
• Check backflow
• Control the direction of water
Control of the water system
• Locate & distribute valves in such a manner that they can isolate a certain section of the network in case of system breakdown (before each branch)
• Locate valves where they are not too visible while remaining accessible to users
Rules Regarding Location of Valves
• a.k.a. ‘Full-way Valve’
• Used mainly to completely close or completely open the water line (does not control flow of water)
• Best suited to the main supply and pump lines wherein operation is infrequent
Gate Valve
• The Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc
• The Double Disc Valve
2 Types of Gate Valve
• Controls the flow of water with a movable spindle
• Can reduce water pressure (throttling)
• Only one side of the valve is an inlet
Globe Valve
3 Types of Globe Valve
• The Plug Type Disc Valve -for throttling
• The Conventional Disc Valve (Ball Type) -for shutting
• The Composition Disc Valve -for steam and hot water
4 Types of Check Valve
• The Swing Check Valve
• The Lift Check Valve
• Vertical Check Valve
• Horizontal Check Valve
• Operates in the same manner as globe valve (disc & seat design)
• Used to make a 90° turn in a line
• Reduces number of joints
Angle Valve
• Located at the lower end of the pumps
• Used mainly to prevent loss of priming of the pumps
• a.k.a. ‘Retention Valve’
Foot Valve
Used on water systems, heating systems, compressed air lines& other pipe lines with excessive pressure
Safety Valve
Operates by the compression of a soft packing upon a metal sheet
Compression Cock
Operates with a round tapering plug ground to fit a metal sheet. ‘Hose bibb”- has grooves fit for a hose
Key Cock
Constructed with a ball connected to the handle
Ball Faucet
Testing of water supply piping is conducted by closing all outlets & filling the system with water from the main to locate leaks and other potential problems
Water Testing
Used in detecting leaks by filling the piping system with compressed air (use of soapsuds in locating escaping air)
Air Pressure Testing
Receptacles which are used to provide, receive and discharge water, liquid and water-carried wastes into a drainage system with which they are connected to.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
- Flushes through a simple wash down action
- Discharges waste into a trap way located at the front of the bowl
- Has a bulge on the front
- Has a small amount of standing water
- Cost less but is least efficient and noisiest
• Wash Down
• Flushes through a siphon action created in the trap way
• Reverse Trap
• Has a larger trap way making it less likely to clog
• Quieter flushing action
• Retains a large amount of standing water
• Siphon Jet
• Less noisy and very efficient
• Flushing action is started by a whirlpool motion followed by a complete flush down
• Retains a large amount of standing water
• Siphon Vortex
• flushing action is obtained directly from a flush valve connected into the bowl
• Direct Flush Valve
Types of Urinals
• Wall Hung
• Pedestal
• Through
• Stall
- Urinal center to side wall: minimum of 0.30 m
- Urinal center to urinal center: minimum of 0.60m
Setting:
- Flushing urinals shall be done through automatic flushing tanks. (NPC408.1)
- Flushometer valves shall be self-closing type discharging a predetermined quantity of water. No manually controlled flushometer valve shall be used to flush group urinals. (NPC 408.2)
Flushing:
specifically designed for messy and dirty tasks.
SLOP SKINS
KITCHEN SINKS
Materials:
• Stainless Steel
• Cast Iron Enamel
• Formed Steel Coated with Porcelain Enamel
• Single, Double or Triple Well, Shallow and Deep well, etc
LAUNDRY TUBS
Materials:
• Cement or Cement with Tiles
• Porcelain
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TYPES OF LAVATORIES
• Pedestal
• Pullman or Counter
• Wall Hung
• Through
• with removable panel of sufficient dimension to access pump
• circulation pump shall be located above the crown weir of the trap
• pump and circulation piping shall be self-draining
BATHTUBS AND WHIRLPOOL BATHS
• Brand Name of luxury type bathtubs
JACUZZIS
• Used for cleaning private parts
• Sometimes referred to as female urinals
BIDETS
Setting
• Bidet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375m
• Bidet center to bidet center: minimum of 0.75m
FLOOR DRAINS
• With approved-type hinged strainer plate having the sum of the areas of the small holes of the waterway equal to the cross-sectional area of the tailpiece
• Provided with integrally cast water stop outside flange around the body at mid depth and with an inside caulk outlet to provide a watertight joint in the floor
SHOWER RECEPTORS
• Receptor floor shall drain not less than 2% or more than 4% slope.
• Thresholds shall accommodate a minimum 559mm wide door.
• For wheelchair use, dam or curb may be eliminated.
• Metal enclosure containing shower head, valves and faucets
• Shall have a minimum interior area of 0.6 sqm and shall be capable of encompassing a 762 mm diameter circle.
• This area shall be maintained from a point above the shower drain to a height of 1.78 m with no protrusions other than the fixture valve, shower head and safety grab rails.
• Drains for gang shower rooms shall be spaced not more than 4.9 m apart.
SHOWER BATHS / COMPARTMENT