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Accent and Dialect

- Generally accepted, prestigious form of the language

Standard english

- Sounds of an individual produced during speech

Accent

- Variation in words and grammatical structures associated with a particular region

Dialect

- Imposition or enforcement of rules or methods

Prescriptive attitudes

- Describing what actually happens in a non-judgemental way

Descriptivist approach

- Most prestigeous form of uk english
- Social accent considered to be the standard british accent

Recieved pronounciation

- Very traditional accent assocaited with older speakers and the aristocracy

Conservative RP

- Extremely neutral in terms of signals regarding age, occupation and lifestyle

Mainstream RP

- Refers to the use of features typically seen in younger peoples accents

Contemparary RP

- Found evidence of RP accent change and influence of less prestigeous southern accent within the Queen's christmas speech

Harrington (et al)

- Researchers found that RP speakers tend to be rated more highly than speakers with a regional accent
- This rating could be informed due to intelligence, self-confidence, ambition etc

Matched Guise Experiment's

- Capital punishment experiment investigating attitudes to RP
- The greater the accent prestige, the greater the percieved quality of the argument

Giles

- All regional accents are incorrect in comparison to RP
- What negative view on accents?

Freeborn (Incorrectness view)

- Some accents just don't sound nice
- What negative view on accents?

Freeborn (Ugliness view)

- Some accents are described as 'lazy' and/or 'sloppy'
- What negative view on accents?

Freeborn (Impreciseness view)

- Attitudes towards accents are more likely based on social connotaions and biases towards a specific region rather than the accent itself
- Bias and judgment

Andersson and Trugill

- Study that 28% of brits felt discriminated against due to their accent
- Particularly the Liverpool, Cockney and Brummy accent

ITV Tonight and ComRes study

- Identified that super urban accents seem to be spreading out from the traditional bases and into a new territory

Watt

- Different social groups on an island use different dipthongs in certain pronounciations
- Mickey mouse in a thong

Labov

- Mapping of variation in the uk of certain lexical items and phrases

Manchester University

- Survey of 30,000 people to create a world-map of britain

BBC voices

- The process by which language forms of differrnt parts of the country converge and become more similar over time, with a subsequent loss of regional features and reduced diversity in langauge

Kerswill (Dialect Levelling)

- Argued that increased geographical mobility leads to the 'large-scale' disruption of close-knit communities and localised networks that have historically maintained a highly systematic and complex set of structured lingustic norms.

Milroy

- National survey showed that the use of 'them' as a demonstrative was reported by 97.7% of the schools who took part

Cheshire and Edwards

- Describes the use of the word 'aint' and found that it may be linked to the vernecular subculture of adolecent peer groups.

Cheshire

- Proposed that cockney rhyming slang is dying out and Londoners no longer understand phrases such as 'motherhubbard' for cupboard

Museum of London

- Cockney rhyming slang isnt dying out but being reincargnated with some additional modern terms
- Wallace and Gromit = Vomit

Crystal

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