1. hydrostatic weighing
- measuring displacement of water
- have to get all the air out of the lungs
2. Air displacement plesmography (bod pod)
- similar to hydrostatic weighing
- must sit extremely still
- size is fixed
3. bioelectrical impedence
- the fitness world thing
- hydration/bladder fullness has a huge effect on results
4. skinfold measurements
5. Dexoscan
- gets more at where fat and lean mass is distributed
- basically a low dose xray
- exposed to low dose radiation
6. CT scan/MRI
3% men
12% women
12-15% men
25-28% women
Hyperplasia: increase in cell #
- mainly happens in adolecence
Hypertrophy: incerase in cell size
1. Genetics
- hight, fat storage, weight, metabolism
- leptin, MCR4 (hunger signals)
2. Environment
- food choices
- portion sizes
- finances
- exercise/activity
- daily living
3. Gut microbiome
- Dybiosis (microbe imbalance) leading to inflammatory state
- Increased fimicutes and fewer bacteroidetes in obese people
- Obesity associated with increased short chain fatty acid production
INSULIN
- B cells of pancreas
- increases with blood glucose
- stimulates leptin
LEPTIN
- white adipose tissue
- increases with overfeeding or increased adipose tissue
CHOLECYSTOKININ
- intestines
- increases during and after a meal
PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE
- pancreas
- during a meal
GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1
- intestine
- during and after a meal
- inhibits glucagon and suppresses appetite
PEPTIDE YY
- intestine
- after a meal
GHRELIN
- stomach, duodenim
- in between meals
ADIPONECTIN
- Adipocytes
- with decreased fat mass
- protects against insulin resistance and dyslipidemia
PHYSIOLOGICAL
- increased serum lipids
- decreased BP
- decreased RMR
- Hormonal disruption (thyroid hormones, cortisol, IGF-1, ghrelin, leptin, insulin)
- cognitive performance declines
- GI upset
- Impaired immune response
- Type 2 diabetes
- Gallbladder disease
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- gout
- Colon, kidneya and esophagus cancer
- some other cancer i didnt see in time
- yeah we're writing this one later
- only uses total weight to determine body composition
- based on white males
- doesn't consider fat distribution
*do later*
3 variables to measure:
- metabolic health
- metrics of physical function
- psychological factors
1. beccoming obsessed with food --> cognitive
2. Becoming possessive of food --> behavioural
- behaviors continued into the rehab phase
3. increased anxiety, depressive symptoms, irritability --> emotional
4. weight loss, GI difficulties, decreased need for sleep --> physical
1. intense fear of weight gain
2. restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight
3. persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of this decreased body weight
1. binge eating episodes in a discrete period (<2 hours) at least once a week over 3 or more months
2. reoccuring compensatory behaviours (see psych 102)
3. a self evaluation unduly influenced by body image
4. something on the lsides i didnt catch it
1. binge eating once a week for 3 months
2. binge eating includes:
- much faster eating
- ignoring hunger cues
- uncomfortably full
- eating alone because of embarrassment
- feelinngs of shame, guilt after
includes a wide range of eating problems that do not meet the specific criteria for anorexia, bulimia or binge eating