fibrous and globular
spherical, soluble in water due to position of R group, and 3D shape such as enzymes
repetitive sequence of amino acids that are water soluble and often used for structural purposes such as collagen
biological catalysts which are globular proteins with a specific 3D shape that reduce the level of activation energy needed for a reaction
the active site of the enzyme changes slightly in order to allow the substrate to bind
held with temporary bonds between amino acids
substrate fits perfectly into enzyme active site and it does not require changing shape
intracellular
extracellular
tertiary level of structure
temporary bonds between the R groups
increases
gives the molecules (enzyme and substrate) more kinetic energy, leading to more frequent high energy collisions and therefore the chances of the formation of ES complexes
1. low kinetic energy, less frequent collisions, less ES complexes
2. peak conditions for highest rate, higher chance of ES complexes formed
3. Bonds holding active site together are broken , causing denaturation, no complexes can be formed
decreases
if the pH goes up or down, it can denature the enzymes by changing the charges on the amino acids in the active site, changing its' shape. Also breaks hydrogen and ionic bonds, altering shape
1. below the optimum pH, the rate of reaction is low or zero, because in acidic conditions, H+ ions break ionic/hydrogen bonds and denature
2. maximum rate achieved at optimum.
3. above the optimum pH, the rate of reaction is low or zero, because in alkaline conditions, OH- ions break ionic/hydrogen bonds and denature
pH = -log10 [ H+]
lowers the activation of a reaction that it catalyses
the higher the enzyme concentration, the greater number of available active sites for enzyme substrate compleux formation, therefore an increased rate of reaction
linear increase as more active sites become available
continues in a linear manner as long as sufficient substrate is available
if substrate is limited, at a certain point further enzyme increase will not increase rate
the greater the substrate concentration, the higher the rate of reaction
If enzyme concentration is fixed, initial increases in substrate will result in a proportional increase in the rate of reaction.
If the concentration of substrate is limited, the graph will plateau as all active sites are saturated with a substrate, therefore no increase in rate
where all active sites have formed an ES complex and there are none available