foresmics
strength of genetic explanati s
genetic explanatioms has important imolications for justice systems. judjges who undertsand criminal behaviour may be biologically determined may comsider sentences thst focus on trestment rather than punishment
limitwtion of psychodynamic explnario
evidence for eakry chikdhood experience and later criminal bhewviour is correrelatinsl. this isnbecause casue and effect cannot be established as offending msy be due to other reasons such as geneitc orgins.
limitstiom of top down approach
was based on interviews conducted with 36 murderes. the issue is the sample was poor as murders are unproresntwtive of all criminals. additionally, self report from criminals amy be innacurate either due to them lying because of social desirabikity or may have wanted to appear better in order to gain an appeal
suggesting it lacks a scientifc basis
what type of crimes is top down approsch more useufl for
serious crimes like murder where the crime reveals specfic perpsnsl detail about the perosn
what is cognitive disortion
an offenders dysfunctional thinking which serves to legitamize behaviour and maintain a psoitige viee of the self
what does a howtile wttribution bias allow
ensbles them to justify their action to themselves by attributing cause to the victim
what is the bottom up approach
a data driven approach that uses data from a crime scene and a victim to build a statistical database
what is invetsiagte psydhology
uses statysticsl analyiss to idmetify patterns in criminal buevsiour.
involves interpersonal cohreerjce and time and place ( time amd place of crime cwn revewl perosnal info about offenders work)
what do superego explanations suggest
sugest that as a result of porblems with superego devlopment during the phallic stage this csn result in ID not being controlled suffiientpy
how does restorative justic eprogramms work
- victim meets offender on eon one to help them undertwnd comseuwmces of their wctions so they csn empwheize
- victim given opprtu ity to expres show imceidemt sffected them( use rxsmple if in comtedt of a stem) to help empower the victim sjd promte helwim g
- criminwl pwys a form f restituion
why does poor pre fromtal cortex cause offending buevwiour
less conotrl over impulses amd agression leading to antispcial behaviour and inwbility to feel guilt
example of a skills aquistiom
teach a mantra eg i am calm i am relaxed
what ahppmesnafter role play
therespist porvides constructive crisptisism of their perfomwnce
another neurotrwsmitter involved in offending
irregulwrities in levels of neurotrasmitters eg higehr levels of noradrenaline- linekd with violence snd wgressiom
psycholpgical effects of prisom
instiutionilisation- leads to lack of autonomy
how does detfwrent work
prison acts as negstive reinforcemtn
what is the bottom up approach related to
the study of spacial behaviour in relation to crime and offenders
A01 top down
orimated in US as a result of work carried out by FBI. interviews carried out on murderes which found data could be catergrozuex into 2 catergories
one limitation of bottom up
assumes patterns of behaviour are consisistent. however, offenders cam unpredictably change their methods over time. thei therefore casts signficwnt doubt over the central prediction of beusvioural consistemcy
another sntrgeht of top dowj
csn be sdapted to other types of crime. this is because it was orgwinslly bekived thst it couod onky be used for kurder. but ome psycholgoist idntified thwt top dowj had recntly been applied to burglery lewding to an 85 percent ncrewse in solved crimes. this sugegsts thwt the top down wpprpwch has wider wpplciations thsn initiwloy presuked
what does the moral reasomigm suggest as to why criminals commit cri,es becwus eof pre comventiwl leveel
therepfre, crim is commtied if they csn get awsy with it or gain some kimd of reward
what order do i reference
Surname, Captial first name intial.(date) title. Location. Publisher
what does rjp focus pn
reconciliation