Section B aims of Domestic Policy
alexander II social reforms
he introduced school inspectors and the quality of education improved. introduced a 'new code' for secondary schools which allowed for the continuation of traditional gymnasia alongside modern 'real gymnasia'.
alexander III social reforms
he reversed his fathers policy and banned lower class mainly peasants from attending secondary school.
Nicholas II social reforms
under Nicholas, the duma announced for a 'universal primary education' to be achieved by 1922. the number of primary schools rose from 23,000 in 1880 to 81,000 1914.
stalin social reforms
under communists literacy and numeracy skills with the aim of creating a more educational and capable work force. in 1930 primary education was made compulsary to the age of 12. by the end of 1930 there were 18 million children at primary schools. the bourgeois gymnasia was scrapped and replaced by vocational schools. 1932 there were 6.9 million students in secondary schools.
khrushchev social reforms
khrushchev scrapped secondary school fees which stalin introduced in 1939. he also created secialist academies.
Alexander II industrial reforms
protomanagement of the economy. Reutern adopted an approach that revolved around continued construction of the railway, attraction of foreign expertise and investment of foreign capital. modernisation occured and expansion within the staples (iron coal and textiles) aswell as newer indusries in oil.
Alexander III and Nicholas II industrial reforms
Wittes Great Spurt from 1892 to 1903 oversaw the increase in coal and oil production which led to new industries in iron and steel. railtrack rose from 17,264 miles in 1891 to 31,125 miles in ten years. income from industry rose from 42 milion roubles in 1893 to 161 million roubles in 4 years.
Lenin industrial reforms
war communism led to natiionalisation of small enterprise. the end of the civil war led to NEP which reversed this policy and saw a return to private ownership. continuation of state conrol of heavy industry.
stalin industrial reforms
stalins main aim was economic autarky which abandoned the NEP and replaced it with centralised planning. this led to the 5 year plans where targets were set by the ruling elite. statistical 'evidence' sugests a fair amount of success during this period. second 5 year plans the electricity industry took off with 4500 new enterprises started.
Khrushchevs industrial reforms
continuation of centralised planning resulted in further economic growth and more diversification in what was produced. however his first plan was abandoned and his second had a direct correlaion with the slow down in the rate of growth.
Alexander II agricultural refoms
emancipation edict 1861 led to privately owned serfs being freed. they could own property, mary whom they wished and run enterprises. nobels had to hand over a portion of land to peasants but were provided comoensation through redemption payments.
Alexander III agricultural reforms
in 1883 established the peasant land bank to provide cheap loans for the purchase of land. after the famine of 1891 that was blamed on the peasants, he employed Land Captains.
Nicholas II agricultural reforms
rural unrest peaked 1905-7 so stolypin revamped the government policy over land distribution, Wager on the Strong. peasants could purchase from the peasant land bank on favourable terms. they could also consolidate into small holdings.
Lenin agricultural reform
major feature of war communism was grain requositioning from the kulaks who were supposidly hoarding grain. end of civil war saw this disappear
stalin agricultural policy
need for economic autarky led to collectivisation. bringing small farm units together to make bigger units. this led to peasants working together to feed themselves and the growing urban prolatariat.
khrushchev agricultural reform
1954 virgin land campaign to increase the amount of land that could be cultivated. also increased amount of cereals produced