socio-cultural
what are the 6 most popular sports?
walking
cycling
running
fitness activities
swimming
football
what does GASED stand for?
gender
age
socio-economic status
ethnicity
disability
gender
men are 66% more likely to be active then women.
socio-economic groups
those from lower social groups are less likely to be active
age
activity levels generally decrease with age, with the sharpest decrease coming at age 75+
ethnicity
there are differences in activity levels based on ethnic background
disability
activity is less commen for adults with a disability or long term health condition (48%) than those without (69%)
factors affecting participation
gender
age
disability
media
education
ethnicity
money
time
family
climate
race
rolemodle
facility
discrimination
religion
what are the strategies to improve participation?
promotion
provision
access
what is promotion?
-convincing people to take up sports
-increaseing awarness for opportunities, choice and role modles
-more information/education on the benefits of exercise and regular sports participation. eg. tv advertising to show this for example. this girl can.
-improve advertising of sessions/activities in the local area.
-more campaigns such as 'kick it out'
what is provision?
-facilities, equipment, coaching ect.
-regular opportunities for coachinng instructing to enable more frequent prticipation eg. fitness instructors available across the working day and evening.
-more facilities avalible for regular participation eg. ensuring that each community is served by a leisure centre
-activities/sessions for specific groups
-more pe
-introduction of adapted games eg. walking football ect.
what is access?
-facticities avalible for longer during the day to enable regular participation eg. local swimming opening early in the morning and closing late at night
-more accessable facilities eg. facilities have wheelchair ramps
-cheaper facilities for sport or concession for more adults to be invloved eg. the local leisure centre give concessions for the elderly or give a price cut admission for regualr users
what 3 things make up the golden triangle?
sport
media
sponsorship
what is commercialisation?
refers to the influence of commerce, trade or industry to make profit.
or those who organise / promote sport try to make money/ profit
what is sponsorship?
the financial support for a sport by an external body for the mutual benefit of both parties
types of media
internet
social
visual/tv
newspapers/magasines
types of sponsorship
individual
teams/clubs
sports
events
what is the golden triangle?
the golden triangle is a triangle that is made up of sport, sponsorship and media. these things all link becuase the influence of media making sport more commercial by providing sponsorship. sponsorship influences add to media and provide money for sport. also the influence of sport and sponsorship provides money for media.
positive impacts of the media on sport
-raises awarness for sport
-motivate people to take part
-educate spectators through analysis
-attracts investment in sport
-raises awarness of minority sports
-creates/showcases role models
negative impacts of media on sport
-undermine peoples confidence and careers
-showcase negative values and behaviour
-undermine officals and their decisions
-required supporters to pay to watch
practical examples of commercialisation of sport
changes in scoring to create exitment eg. badminton you can now score on any play not just your serve.
breaks are annideal time for sponsors and commercial companies to advertise eg. american football has numerous breaks in play
explain 3 reasons why sponsorship can have a negative effect on physical activity and sport
1. can result in deviant behaviour due to pressure of sucess.
2. genuinly favors male over female and able-bodied than disabled.
3. performers may have to advertise for a product they dont like.
what is sportsmanship?
sportsmanship is defined as ethical, appropriate, polite and fair behaviour while participating in a game or athletic event
what is gamesmanship?
gamesmanship is the use of methods, eapecially in a sports contest, that are dubious or seemingly improper but jot strictly illegal.
what is deviance?
deviance is behaviour that falls outside the norms or outside what is deemed to be acceptable.
what is the definition of deviance?
deviance is behaviour that falls ourside the norms / rules of the game.
why might an athlete take performance enhancing drugs?
-pressure from coach / media
-thinking they can get away with it, without being caught
-percieve others doing it
-to improve physical fitness
-pressure to become / remain the best
-pressure to recieve financial benefits of winning
what are reasons for deviance?
-pressure to win
-a reaction to poor decisions by officals
-retaliation to an apponent
-because your loosing
-result of PED'S
what might cause a player to become violent?
-pressure to win from coach
-fustration as a result of loosing
-influence of PED'S
-annoyed by poor decisions from officials
what are the negative impacts of PED'S on performers?
-many health risks
-damage to reputations + bans if caught
- striipped off medals / rewards and sponsorships
-cheating + imoral
what is the definition of gamesmanship?
gamesmanship is the use of methods, that are dubious / improper but not stricktly illegal.
why is sportmanship valued in sport?
-so the sport can be played fairly
-shows respect for officals / the sport
-gives the sport a good reputation + creates rolemodles
-reduces injury risk
-makes it more enjoyable
what are the negative impacts of drugs on the sport?
-bad reputation
-people unfairly blame the sport, not the individual
-media / people won't want to be associated with it
what is the role of a national governing body?
to manage there specific sports. eg. FA for football
what are 2 strategies by sport england to raise participation?
-this girl can
-we are undefeatable
what does promotion refer to?
increasing awarness of opportunities, choices and rolemodels
what does provision refer to?
-facilities
-coaching
-equipment
what are the goverment recomendations for how much we should exercise?
adults - 150 minutes of moderate exercise each week
children - 60 minutes a day
examples of sponsorship
-shaking hands with your opponent
- show concren for others, especially when they are injured or under stress
- not swearing or being abusive at refs
-take defeat well and show good humor
-say well done to opponents when they do well
-take other people into consideration and give them space
-don't over celebrate, take other people feelings into account
examples of gamesmanship
-time wasting
-faking an injury
-coughing/ stamping to distract shooter at free throws (basketball) or free kicks (football)
-being loud while golfers take their shot
-tying your laces to delay receiving aa serve in tennis, badminton or netball.
-tripping someone up when they have the advantage
what is positive deviance?
behaviour that is outside the norms but with no intention to harm or break the rules.
what is negative deviance?
behaviour that goes against the norms and has a detrimental effect on others.
example of deviance
-doing anything to break the rules without being spotted.
-drug taking
-deliberate hand balls
-tom brady deflated american footballs to make them easier to throw
-antonio margarito put plaster in his boxing gloves which then went hard when his hands start to sweat.
why is there deviance in sport?
-low morals, so happy to cheat / hurt others
-people want to win so take the risk
-governing bodies don't punish against deviance as harshly becasue they are worried about losing commercilisation of their sport.
what are anabolic steriods?
-a drug that mimics the male hormone testosterone which promotes bone and muscle growth.
-increases muscle mass and develop bone growth, therefore increasing the athletes strength whilst at the same time allowing the sthlete to train harder and recover quicker
what are beta blockers?
-a drug that is used to control the heart rate and have a calming + relaxing effect
-commenly prescribed as medicine for people with heart problems as their mainn function is to maintain a low heart rate
-reduce stress + anxiety levels
-can help woth sports where presicion is needed
what are stimulants?
-a drug that has an effect on the central nervous system, such as increased mental and/or physical alertness
-second most commenly used drug in sport and include amphetamines, ephedrine and cocaine as well as nicotine and caffeine
-increases alertness, enabling people to think more quickly by stimulating the central nervous system
-helps to overcome tiredness but also offsets the negative affects of lactic acid build up within the working muscles.
positive effects anabolic steroids have on performance
-increased muscle mass / strength
-train harder and longer / quicker recovery
-increased aggression (p+n)
-decrease fat
positive effects beta blockers have on performance
-reduces heart rate
-keeps hands steady
-reduces the effects of adrenaline
positive effects stimulants have on performamce
-makes athlete more alert
-masks fatigue
-speeds up reactions
-DECREASES reaction time
negative impacts anabolic steroids have on performer
-liver and kidney damage
-high blood pressure
-acne
-increased agression (p+n)
-deapening in voice and facial hair growth in females
negative impacts beta blocker have on performer
-dizziness
-nausea
-drowsiness / fatigue
-headache
-slow heart beat
negative impacts stimulants have on performer
-heart faliure
-addictive
sporting examples of when anabolic steroids would be used
-long jumpers
-boxers
-climbers
-sprinters
-powerlifting
-any event that requires power
sporting examples of when beta blockers would be used
-shooting
-archery
-snooker
-darts
sporting examples of when stimulants would be used
-sprinters
-boxers
-any event that requires a quick sport, explosive push or quick reactions
advantages on performer from taking PED'S
-increased chance of success
-fame
-wealth - financial benefit
- athletes would be on an even playing feild as 'others' are takkng drugs already
what is violence?
controlled agression is a fundemental part of many sports sometimes. however this spills over into an uncontrolled situation where serious injuries can occur.
what are some reasons for violence in sport?
-pressures of the media
-fustration as a result of losing
-pressure for sponsorship deals
-annoyed by poor decisions of officials
-influence of PED'S
-to gain an advantage
-physical retaliation
-pressure from spectators / taunting from crowd
practical examples of violence
-purposefully hitting opponents with your hocky stick, as fustration of losing.
-punching another player in football, in retalitaion to a bad tackle
definition of a skill
the learned ability to bring about pre-determined results with maximum certainty and effeciency.
what does PEAFC stand for?
-pre-determined
-efficient
-aesthetic
-fluent
-co-ordinated
what is a motor skill?
a skill that involves movement of body / limbs
what does pre-determined mean?
knowing what you are going to do before you start the skill.
what does efficiency mean?
using the minimum amount of energy / time.
what does aesthetic mean?
performed with control and looks good and it may appear to look easy.
what does fluent mean?
when the movement flows confidently, may transition smoothly or link well.
what does co-ordinated mean?
effectivly using 2 or more body parts together to get maximum effect.
sporting examples of pre-determined
-a footballer knowing where their aiming before taking the shot
-a dancer knowing their routine before doing it
-a climber knowing what they are going to do before starting the climb
sporting examples of efficient
-not wasting energy when hitting a ball in cricket
-a climber moving through the moves without having to stop and figure out their next move (energy consuming)
sporting examples of aesthetic
-a climber using good technique and procision to make it look good
-a gymnast using good form and presentation when performing to make their performance nice to watch
sporting examples of fluent
-a rugby player picks up the ball and passess it in 1 fluid movement
-a speed climber completing the route in 1 fluid movement
sporting examples of co-ordinated
-a vollyball player can jump and 'spike' the ball successfully
-a climber performing a dyno / paddle dyno successfully
enviromental - open vs closed skills
enviromentsl refers to:
-other players
-timing
-the weather
-your position
what is an open skill?
a skill that is effected by the surrounding enviroment and requires the performer to make perceptual decisions.
examples of open skills
-dribbling in a basket ball match
-passing the ball in a netball match
-making a tackle in football
all affected by other people, your position and timings
-catching waves in surfing - because it is affected by the weather
what is a closed skill?
a skill that is not affected by the surrounding enviroment
examples of closed skills
-a forwards roll in gymnastics
-diving
-a free throw in basketball
difficulty - simple vs complex skills
how difficult is the skill to perform considering, decisions and judgment you have to make.
what is a simple skill?
a skill that needs less concentration, less decisions needed to perofrm the skill and may be taught as a whole.
examples of simple skills
-running
-chest pass
-sprint start in swimming
-straight jump
what is a complex skill?
a skill that needs lots of concentration, considers many decisions and may need to be learnt in phases
examples of complex skills
-a slip catch in cricket
-pass by a midfeilder in hockey
-flick, layup, back tuck in gymnastics
why is goal setting important?
-training adherence
-motivation
-improve performance
-give performer sense of accomplishment
-allows performer to monitor progress
-controls anxitey
performance / outcome goals
performance goal - linked with previous bests. eg. to swim a new personal best - concerned with technique.
outcome goal - linked to an end result. eg. winning a competition - concered with winning
beginers prefer performance goals because faliure can be really demotivating and winning is unlikely.
what is a short term goal?
-something you want to do in the near future
-can be next match / training session
-goals regularly change reflecting progress made, stepping stone to long term goal
examples ofr badminton
-complete 10x2 min smash drills in the next training session
-beat training partner by 5 points in next training game
what is a long term goal?
-goals to reach in the future (months, years .ect.)
-can be next tournament, next league, next cup.
-goals are unlikely to change unless you are ahead of schedule
examples
-winning a district tournament
-winning a national title
what does SMART goals mean?
Specific
Measurable
Acheivable
Recorded
Timed
defintion of specific
the performer must know exactly what they aim to acheive, to get better at my sport is too vague
example - beat you personal best time,ect.
definition of measurable
you must be able to measure your progress
example - to improve shot sucess in basketball by 20%
definition of acheivable
the goal must be possible for the performer to reach
example - a sprinter trying to knock 8 seconds off their 100m time would be wasting their time, they need to work in 10ths or 100ths seconds
a more realistic goal would be to aim to knock 0.5 - 1 second of pb
definition of recorded
logging the goal and progress made will enable the performer to see how close they are getting to their target, using a table / graph or spreadsheet are ways of recording the goal + progress.
exaple - logging your personal best time for each run
definition of timed
the goal must ahve a definite beginning + end, which gives the performer a time limit in which to achieve the goal. this could be months or a whole season.
example - to end after 6 weeks, ect.
smart goal examples
basketball - to score 3 more points then last match in the next match
football - to score a goal in the next match or season.
swimming - to knock 1 second off 25m pb in 4 weeks.