a+p
aspects of a synovial joint
cartilage
synovial membrane
synovial fluid
longitudinal axis
runs from top to bottom / head to toe
allows 'spinny' rotation
SE= pirouette in dance or pivoting in netball
transverse axis
runs from left to right
allows forwards/backwards rotation
SE= sometsault
frontal axis
runs from front to back
allows sidways rotation
SE= cartwheel
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right
allows flextion and extenstion
SE= bice curl / squt
frontal plane
divides body into front and back
allows abduction / adduction
SE= star jump / lateral raise / butterfly in swimming
transverse plane
divides body into upper / lower
allows rotation
SE= golf swing / hammer throw / discus throw
SE for all 3 lever systems
1st= heading a football / throwing a tennis ball
2nd= high jump / long jump
3rd= bicep curl
which lever system has a mechanical advantage
2nd class lever
what is a mechanical advantage
when you are able to move a large load with a small amount of effort
describe how the hamstrings and quadriceps work as an antagonistic pair in the preperation of kicking a football
in the preperation phase of kicking a football the hamstrigs and quadriceps work together as an antagonistic pair to create flextion of the knee joint. the hamstrings is the agonist and the qaudriceps are the antagonist
componants of a synovial joint
ligaments= attach bone to bone and prevent dislocations
tendons= attach muscle to bone and help transmit power of the muscle
cartilage= reduce friction / stop hones from grinding together and to help absorb shock within the joint
what are the features of the alveoli which make them efficient at gaseous excahnge
surrounded by cappilaries
cappillaries are close to alveoli so the diffusion distance is short
alveoli have large surface area to allow diffusion
thin walls- 1 call thick allows diffusion quickly
aerobic eqution
glucose + oxygen -> energy + carbon dioxide + water
anaerobic equation
glucose -> energy + lactic acid
anaerobic respiration
without oxygen
short duration
high intensity
SE= 100m sprint
aerobic respiration
with oxygen
long duration
low-moderate intensity
SE= marathon runner
gaseous exchange
gaseous exchange takes place at the alveoli. these are tiny air sacs in the lungs. when you breathe in they fill with air. this is where oxygen is transfered into the blood stream and carbon dioxide is removed from the blood
order of inspiration
1 - intercostal muscles contract, lifting the ribs upwards and outwards.
2 - diaphram contracts and flattens
3 - the lungs increase in size as the chest expands
4 - air is drawn into the lungs
order of expiration
1 - the intercostal muscles relax, the ribs move down and inwards
2 - the diaphram relaxes, mives back to a domed position
3 - the lungs decrease in size as the chest gets smaller
4 - air is forced out of the lungs through the nose and mouth
breathing rate
the number of breaths per minute
tidal volume
the volume of air inspired ir expired per breathe
minute ventilation
the volume of air inspired or expired per minute
pathway of air
trachea - transports air from the nose / mouth to the bronchi
bronchi - transports air from the trachea to the bronchioles
bronchioles - transports air from the bronchi to the alveoli
alveoli - where gaseous exchange happens
heart rate
number of beats per minute
stroke volume
volume of air pumped out of the left ventricle per beat
cardiac output
volune of blood punped out of the left ventricle per minute
role of red blood cells
red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the muscles and remove carbon dioxide from the muscles
they contain haemoglobin which bonds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. these cells carry oxygen to the working muscles. without these cells the performers would fatigue and stop
pathway of blood
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
semi lunar valve
pulmonary arterly
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
bicuspid valve
left ventricle
semi lunar valve
aorta
body
vena cava
what are the short term effects of exercise on the muscular system?
muscle temprerature increases
lactc acid is produced
blood is redistributed to the working muscles (vasculr shunt mechanism)
DOMS
what are the short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system?
increased heart rate
increased stroke volume
increased cardiac output
increasee blood flow to the muscles
what are the short term effects of exercise on the respiratory system
increase in breathing rate
increase in tidal volume (depth of breathing)
increase in minute ventilation
rate of gaseous exchange increases
what are the short term effects of exercise on the skeletal system
trick question
there are none
what are the long term effects of exercise on the muscular system?
muscular hypertorphy
muscular strength increases
muscular endurance
increased resistance to fatigue
what are the long term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system?
cardiac hypertrophy
resting heart rate decreases
resting stroke volume increases
cardiac output increases
recovery rate increases
capillarisation increases
what are the long term effects of exercise on the respiratory system?
increased efficency to taken in oxygen
respiratory muscles become stronger
increase in tidal volume during exercise
what are the long term effects of exercise on the skeletal system?
bone denaity increases
muscle temprature increases
- as mucsles work they create energy, when creating energy heat is released.
- this increase in temperature makes muscles more flexible and injuries less likely to occur.