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BIOL 1P92 Final

What is the name for FERNS

Pteridophytes

During the Carboniferous (354-290 mya), ____________________________________ were removed from the atmosphere by ___________________ and __________________________.

During Carboniferous (354-290 mya), large amounts of carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere by lycophytes and pteridophytes

Diverse phyla of ________________________ dominated Earth's vegetation through the Mesozoic era (248-65 mya)

Diverse phyla of gymnosperms dominated Earth’s vegetation through the Mesozoic ear (248-65 mya)

gymnosperm = new phyla of land plants

Gymnosperms: explain the different types, how they reproduce, what type of plants they are and what seeds do for plants

Cycads, ginkgos, and conifers*
- Reproduce using spores (like previous plant phyla) and seeds (like later to evolve angiosperms)

- Gymnosperms are seed plants

- Seeds protect and provide energy for young sporophyte

- “Naked seeds” meaning seeds are not enclosed by fruit

Phylum Coniferophyta = ______________

Phylum Coniferophyta = Conifers (cone bearers)
- Most common gymnosperms

- Pines, spruces, and firs

- Woody reproductive cones

- Most are evergreen (shed some but not all leaves each year)

- Needle leaves

- Many produce resin

Phylum Cycadophyta = ______________________________-

Phylum Cycadophyta = Cycads
- Shrubby or treelike with palmlike leaves

- Some have large, cone-shaped strobili

- Restricted to warmer climates

Phylum Ginkophyta = ___________________________

Phylum Ginkophyta = Ginkgoes:
- One living species, Ginkgo biloba

- Fan-shaped leaves

Most seedless vascular plants are ____________

homosporous
- one size of spore (haploid)


But some are heterosporous (of different sizes of spores)

Big spores =

the spore stays intact while the gametophyte grows inside
- gives an extra layer of protection for gametes and eventually the embryo

Gymnosperms:

- naked seed plants
- sporophyte haploid spores retained in their reproductive structures


with the microspores, involved in pollen production

__n sporophyte generation produces ____________ spores by __________________

2n sporophyte generation produces haploid spores by meiosis

pollen grain is a _______________________________________

multicellular n gametophyte

pollen grains produce ____motile sperm

non

Pollination:

transfer of pollen to female reproductive parts, with no water required

Ovule

- an egg developing inside a gametophyte that is retained not only inside the spore wall but also inside integument and megasporangial tissues
- macrospore ends up as the ovule

what part makes the eggs

the archegonium

After fertilization there is a:

single cell which is diploid zygote

are pollination are fertilization different steps

yes

Reproductive advantages of seeds confer

- Seeds are a key adaptation to reproduction in a land habitat
- Able to remain dormant in the soil – can wait for favourable conditions

- Adaptations to improve dispersal

- Can store considerable amounts of food

- Sperm can reach egg without having to swim through water

Explain Angiosperms:

- Flowering plants with covered seeds
- Carpels (specialized leaves) protects ovules and seeds

- Flowers contain carpels at their centre

- Fruit structure nourishes and disperses seeds

- Major groups are monocots and eudicots

- Most ecologically diverse plants on Earth

- At least 260 000 species are known

2 major groups of the phylum Angiospermatophyta

Monocots and Eudicots

examples of monocots:

wheat, trillium, western wood lily

examples of eudicots

- twinflowers

flowering plants are called what

angiosperms

what is unique to Angiosperms

- they have endoperms inside their seeds

endosperms: a triploid tissue

seed development in angiosperms

- Double fertilization
- One sperm fertilizes egg to become an embryo

- Other sperm fuses with different gametophyte tissue to form endosperm

- Ovule’s integument develops into a protective, hard and tough seed coat

- Seeds allow embryos access to food supplied by the older sporophyte generation

name three angiosperm adaptations

1. efficient transport
- vessel elements (more efficient than tracheids)

- more efficient phloem

2. double fertilization

- produces embryo and endosperm

3. ovary protects ovule

- develops from carpel, turns into fruit

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