parenting exams
PART A: bonding
the sense of connection with baby even before birth, attatchment, establishment of relationship
PART A: episitomy
small cut made in the area between vagina and the anus during childbirth. make more toom for baby when risk of tear it if need to deliver quick, natural tears heal better so only if nesseary
PART A:stages of childbirth
1. dilation of the cervix (longest, contrsctions make cervix dilate ten cm cervical opening enlarges for baby, contractuon stronger and baby in birth position) 2. delivery of baby(cervix dilated, muscles in uterus contract to push baby out, babys head visible (crowning) episuotomy may be performed, forceps also used to guide head) afterbirth ( delivery if placenta uterus continoud to contract cause placenta to seperatr from uterus, expulsion of afterbirth which placenta expands)
PART A: birth defects
issues genetically or due to other factors when the baby develops inside the womb
PART A: Jean Piagey and intellectual development theory
sensorimotor, birth to two years, experiencing the world through senses and actions, object permanent stranger, anxiety.
Pre-operational stage, ages 2 to 7, representing things with words and images pretend to play, language development.
Concrete operational 7 to 11, children take an active role in learning process, thinking logically about concrete events in grasping concrete, analogies, conservation in mathematical transformation.
formal operation ages 12+, thinking about hypothetical scenarios plus process, abstract thoughts, abstract, knowledge, mature reason.
ovary
they are attached to the uterus by ligament., Two solid egg shaped structures, store and release the over or female, egg, cell, produce female, sex, hormones, estrogen, and progesterone.
ova (egg)
The female reproductive cell, larger cell in a female body, baby born with 200,400 500 armature and released.
uterus
A hollow muscular organ lined with endometrium(blood lining). The uterus has one major function to protect in nourish feta
cervix
The neck/opening of uterus, normal healthy cervix is the strongest muscle in the body normally plugged by mucus stays closed upon delivery and then dilate 10 cm
fallipian tubes / oviducts
two tubes attacked on either side of uterus the duct carry egg cells towards the uterus and sperm cells towards the egg cells. Fertilization takes place in the upper third of the oviduct.
clitoris
small piece size bump at the front of the labia tissue increases sexual pleasure
estrogen
responsible for the secondary sex Characteristics and the sex drive in female, pubes breast and fatty tissue
menstration
The process of a woman discharging blood and other materials from the lining of the uterus at intervals from puberty to menopause except during pregnancy
ovulation
when the egg is released from the ovaries at age of puberty the over moves to the surface of the ovary and burst out, this happens every 28 days happens out about the 14th day of the cycle
vagina
female organ for intercourse, empty passageway, leading from the vaginal opening to the uterus
endometrium
The tissue that lines, the uterus or womb, the mucous membrane, thickens, and anticipation of pregnancy, the blood lining
ectopic pregnancy
occurs with a fertilized egg in plants and grows outside the uterus. Develops in the fallopian tubes/oviducts
ultrasound
A video image produced on the inside of the woman woman's abdomen when a wand is rubbed across. Ultrasounds are saved, and will detect more than one fetus, defects in foetal organs, position of the foetus and the gender of the fetus.
embryo
The unborn baby from conception to the end of the second month, 2nd to eight weeks after fertilization
fetus
The foetal stage of development begins around the ninth week and last until birth, third month to end of the trimester
umbilical cord
The two that connects you to your baby during pregnancy, the lifeline
family life cycle
1st between families: In this stage, the person enters young adulthood. During this period in their life, they become much more independent by moving out of their families home, making intimate relationships with peers and establishing themselves in their work or career.
2. coupling stage: in this stage, the adult enters a committed relationship, both of the people in the relationship, share similar goals and are able to put the other before themselves.
3. family with young children, this stage is one of the most challenging stages in this stage the adults must be able to communicate well and solve problems, effectively, when the family takes on the challenge of welcoming children into their family they must be able to adjust their relationship to make space, take on parenting, roles, and realign relationship with extended family to include parenting and grandparent roles.
4 family with teens:
in this stage, the parents must be able to shift their parenting styles in order to make their children more independent, this stage may be difficult because of the child that the teenagers are experiencing mentally and physically. In order to function effectively, the parents and children must have strong relationships with each other, as well as having trusting each other.
5 middle age, launching stage:
this stage in the children, leaving the nest and living independently in the stage is important for the parents system maintain a relationship relationship with their children.
6. old age: in this stage adults may be entering retirement. This stage can include fulfilment in new opportunities, as well as challenges and loss in order to make the best of this stage it's important to maintain interest, provide support for their children and grandchildren and explore new roles.
nuclear
families composed of two pairs and they're one or more biological or adopted children living together
extended
families, composed of parents, children, and uncles grandparents and or other blood relatives living together or not
blended
recombined, reconstructed, composed of parents who have divorced spouses remarrying for new family from children or remarriage
childless
consisting of a couple
lone parent
families, composed of a parent, more often, mother, with a child or children
cooperative
non-related people who share one household and work together to deal with change
warning signs during pregnancy
having bleeding can be a sign of miscarriage or other complications, vision changes can be a side of preeclampsia, headaches and severe nausea, sign of high blood pressure, meaning nutrition, lacking, excessive swelling, signs of pre-return labored, contractions, pain or pelvic pressure before 37 weeks, fever should be evaluated, reduced foetal movement
characteristics of human growth and development
1. development is similar: unless conditions caused development delays, humans eventually develop similarly (ex fown syndrom, most children walk 12-18)
2. development is sequential: earlier development in learning is necessary before new development takes place. (bqbies always learn to lidt head before they learn to roll over)
3. development is individualized: every child proceeds at his own rate, not affecting at the exact same time, research finds average. (ex walkinf at 12 months)
4. development interelated: all five areas of development, interdependent and reinforce one another. (ex: a child that is verbally abused may develip motor skills lager than the average child does)
5. development is continuous: most is from rapid conception to three years, changes throughout life.
purpose of labour
effacement and dilation cervix, thin out and dilate
right versus wrong
right is to strengthen already good relationship, give care and love, rewarding, bond, want to be parents, desire to be involved, provide.
Bad is to solve problems, fix relationship, love and belong. Make them with somebody. Take care of them while grandchildren avoid work prove their physically OK prove a man husband less likely to leave carry family name give something to do and since everyone else's.
at risk behaviors
maternal age, chronic health conditions, weight, smoking, alcohol, drug use, infections, multiple pregnancies, poor nutrition, stress, excessive activities, eating poorly, partying
physical development
newborns can focus clearly on objects between 13 and 33 cm away, by 3 to 4 months vision expands. Hearing babies start to hear before birth. Taste and smell newborns have more taste than adult capable of telling difference between bitter and sweet. Have a good sense of smell can recognize smell of milk. Teeth only one of every 2000 baby is born with a tooth rest, our toothless typically begin 6 to 10 months of age. Arms and hands infants have no real control over their hands or arms, legs and feet they gain control after the hidden arms and torso for first few months the legs of infant to remain in foetal position, but muscle strengthen and leg straighten. Growth and maturation of the senses, muscle and motor skills. Physical development can be influenced by following human contact hygiene medical care, exercise, best nutrition.
intellectual
at birth and infant mind performs only physical maintenance task for example, the brain regulates heartbeat and control reflexes areas of the brain that perform high-level thought processes don't work yet because they haven't been stimulated to develop a baby parent and caregiver need to provide new and repeated sensory experiences if you miss opportunity to shape a child's mind you can't go back and make them up the maturation of mental processes, such as learning imagination, memory and perception. Intellectual development can be affected by following factors, supportive, warm and nurturing interactions are necessary, necessary necessary for the brain to grow an intellectual develop. Learning depends on the brain as well as the situation of the brain and central nervous system by the five senses. Stimulating environment, exposure to a variety of experiences, playing, reading.
emotional
infants typically develop certain emotions of these ages, although various occur such as excitement, distress, delight, anger, and fear, elation affection temperament. The temperaments are easy-going, cautiousness and sensitive. Ability to develop a full range of feelings and learn how to handle those feelings appropriately. Emotional development can be affected by the following factors is the ability to develop coping skills ability to bond with caregivers, positive environment, loving family, and caregivers ability to respond appropriately to the temperament of a child and accept and support it rather than trying to change.
social development
babies become sociable if they live in a happy stable environment, starts with a secure and loving relationship with a child's primary caregivers at birth, social development can be influenced by following factors since I trust self-confidence/self-esteem sense of cooperation ability to make and keep friends, family structure/harmony, culture, norms, and values affect behaviour and parenting techniques
moral developement
some research suggest that infants have an inborn tendency towards moral behavior, development of the conscience which governs thoughts, feelings and behaviors. More development is largely influenced by caregivers. Caregiver strongly influenced the concept of justice, writes responsibility in fairness through setting examples, explanations of an attitude towards ethical and unethical behaviours example, children will learn to be truthful if they are certain that parents are truthful.
implantation
implantation is when the blastocyst are developing embryo attaches to the lining of the uterus the endometrium within seven days of ovulation this is where I will continue to grow and develop
chromsomes x and y
X chromosomes, females have two.
Y chromosome males have one X and one Y chromosome XY.
We have 23 pairs of chromosomes. One pair determines whether you are a girl or a boy. If a baby gets eggs from mom and dad it's a girl a .baby gets x from mom and Y from dad it's a boy
discopline
self-control gained by requiring that rules in orders, be obeyed, importing knowledge in instructing
punishment
A consequence which reduces or aims to reduce the likelihood of a targeted undesirable behaviour
penis
male organ for sexual intercourse, reproduction and urination
epididymis
The structure that forms a mass over the back and upper part of each testes
tests
The two testicles are small organs that lie in the scrotum and produce sperm in the male hormone testosterone
scrotum
A sack like pouch located behind the penis that holds each testicles and helps regulate temperature for sperm production
vas defetrns
too long, thin tubes that serves as a passageway for sperm and a place for sperm storage
progesterone
A hormone to support, female sex characteristics, menstrual cycle, pregnancy.
testostergone
The male reproductive hormone made by the testicles which can fertilize the females ovum
sperm
The microscopic cells produced by the males testicles which can fertilize the females
semenicam fluid
The small glands the secret of fluid that nourishes and enables the sperm to move
prosttate gland
gland secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralize the acid found in the male urethra and female reproductive tract surrounds the bladder
the afterbirth
The placenta in foetal membrane is discharged from the uterus after birth of baby
authoritatian
has a rigid approach exhibits power and control feelings of child are ignored, ridiculed, and neglected
authortitative/ democratic
The tennis ball middleground, ideal style demonstrates and teaches respect, diplomatic. Trust their kids, offer, unconditional, smiles, hugs, and humor, and most importantly love.
permissive parent
The jellyfish or marshmallow no firm parts in parenting style and structure is nonexistent
toys
blocks are for 7 to 9 months, music box 4 to 6 months, mobile 0 to 3, pool toys 10 to 12 months, and stuffed animal 10 to 12 months
the fice characteristics of human growth and develioment
human development is similar, development is sequential, development is individualized, development is interrelated, development is continuous throughout life.
why parents may have mixed emotions about being parents
Relates to the reading of Astrid in a meal. Social and cultural views, education, finances, parenting, partnership, personal maturity, age, health, life experience.
how is a mothers health habits hazardous to her unvorn baby
Health habits can be hazardous to the baby because of the long-term effects they will have on the development. Especially in the first month of pregnancy the embryonic stage, which is the most crucial for the development of the baby habits, such as smoking and drinking will be a hazard to the baby because they will become addicted to the chemicals in the smoke affecting the health with withdrawal symptoms after work, prematurity, cleft lip, low birth, weight, developmental delays, and more. in the first month of development, these devices will impact the baby most severely due to the dose and time which is development cannot handle. It will actually impact the fetus. FAS or FAE syndrome is possible. The baby will have impact on their cognitive abilities, behavior, appearance, health, ability, emotions, and more. It damages the babies receptors making life hard with many similar impacts. The damage cannot be reversed.
how foes reading benefit a chikd in each area development
Reading can benefit a child is a physical area of development by stimulating their fine motor skills in their fingers when they are flipping the pages and picking up the books. Also books that contain information about physical activity, can inspire them to work their gross motor skills and be active strengthening their muscles. Reading benefits, the social area of development by being an engaging activity for children at school during story time, sharing books with friends, going to the library, and also allowing them to establish relationships with others through the contents of the book. Reading benefits, intellectual development because of its stimulation to the cognitive skills. Books can teach children, new words, new content, new ideas, whether it is an imaginary story, fictional, or non-fictional expanding their vocabulary as well. Reading can benefit the child's emotional area of development as well because as they are developing, especially in ages 5 to 6 they have a more difficult time, regulating their emotions and as toddlers as well have tantrums reading can be a good way for them to cope with their feelings and channel that energy as well as bringing out new feelings that they experience such as excitement of vocal empathy, concern, and more lastly, reading can benefit a child in the moral area of development by many books teaching the lessons of what is right or wrong and being given an explanation of ethical and unethical behaviours through characters in the box