Asterodia, Echinodia, Holothuroidia, Crinordea, Ophiurodea
Podia, Water vacuole, reversion to radial symmetry, external reproduction
Predators (bivalves, corals, barnacles), Reproduction (external, asexual reproduction)
Herbivores with teeth, crawl or burrow using podia, reproduction (external)
Suspension feeder, crawl or burrow using podia, reproduction (external)
Deposit feeder/herbivore, move with podia, reproduction (external and asexual)
Branched arms, simple vascular system, most ancestral
Sister to Asterodia, Use arms to move (no tube feet)
Pharyngeal gill slits
repeating segments in hemichordata and chordata, Filter feeding organ in awuatic organisms
Infolding tissue at the pharynx, gills in fish/amphibians, in mammals; ear, thymus, parathyroid gland
Notochord, Dorsal hollow neve chord, post anal muscular tail
Formed by mesoderm, present only in embryonic/larval, Lancelets have them as adults, stiff but flexible, Organizes vertabrae
Protected by notochord in lancelets, brain and spinal chord protected by spine in vertebrates
in apes and humans only present in embryos
Cephalochordata, Urochordata, Vertebrata, Cyclostomes, Actinopterygii, Sarcopterygii
Invertabrate chordate, dont make vertebrae, notochord acts as an endoskeleton, all four traits are retained in adults
Invertabrate, notochord/nerve chord/tail all lost in adults, adults dont make vertebrae
Cranium; vertebrate/skull/well developed brain, no notochord in adults
Cyclostomes (Myxinoidea (hagfish), Petromyzonoidea (Lampreys)), Chondrichthyes, Actnopterygii, Sacropterygii, Amphibia, Mammalia, Reptilia
No vertebrae, deposit feeder, cranium
Cranium, ectoparasite, cartiligous structure that is homologous with vertabrae
Moves by swimming, external fertilization, circular mouths with hook like teeth
Bone (v1.0), Bone (v2.0), jaws
Cellular matrix/blood vessels/CaPO4, First exoskeletons in ostracoderms, protection
Derived from chondrichthyes, more efficient feeding, modified gill arch (similar structure, genes, embryotic development)
certilaginous skeleton, paired fins (1st), mostly predators, some must swim to breathe, all internal fertilization)
Endoskeleton, Derived from actinopterygii, facilitates movement
predators and herbivores, fins supported by bone in ray like, swim bladder allows for float, mostly external fertilization
Actinista, Dipnoi
predators/omnivores, fins supported by linear bone array, swimming is more like walking, lung fish is animal with first true lungs
Coelocanths
Lungfish
Proccesses Oxygen and keeps bouyant
Lungs and Air sacs
One
Lungfish
Two
Limbs
From lobed fins->homologous trait, facilitates movement on land
Amphibia, Reptillia...
Aquatic and Terrestrial life cycle, breathe through lungs and skin, Mostly predators, First tetrapods, most go through metamorphosis
Every tetrapod but amphibians
...
Protective leather or hard CaCO3
Albumen (water), Amnion (embryo encased), Yolk sac (nutrients), Chorion (gas exchange)
Derived
Reduced or absent yolk sac, Nutrients from placenta
Large offspring, Well equipped for enviroment
Costs energy, less offspring, risky
Lung Development, Limbs made of bone, Amniotic egg
Body covered in scales (keratin), Well developed lungs, mostly on four limbs, Most carnivores but some herbivores, most oviparous
Testudines (turtle/tortise), Lepidosauria (snakes/lizards), Crocodillia (Crocodiles and Alligators), Aves (birds)
One of two endoderms, flight (feathers/hollow bones), Large keeled breast bone and breast muscle.
Myriapoda, Chelicerata, Insecta, Crustecea
Urchordata, Cephalochordata, Vertebrata
Monotremes, Marsupials, Eutherians
Primates (Order)->Strepsirrhni/Haplorhini (suborder)->Anthropoid(infraorder)->Hominid(Family)->Hominin (subfamily)
Jointed legs
Anus forms first
reversion to radial symmetry, Water vascular system, Hard CaCO3 skeleton made of plates
Water moves along inner cillia, in one chamber out the other chamber
Endotherms, Fur/hair, Mammary gland
Only mammal egg layers
viviparous, born young and poorly developed, Do have placenta, Superficially very similar to nonmarsupials
viviparous, Most succesful and diverse lineage, Much diversification based on teeth/skulls/limbs
built on mammalia plan, Made for tree living (aboreal), Prehension (to grab), stereoscopic vision, Short snout, Nails, large brain relative to body size, extensive parental care
Lorrises and lemurs, Arboreal, Nocturnal
Anrthopodia (opposable thumbs)
Orangutang (fist), Gorilla (knuckle)
increased brain case volume, increased ability to work with tools, bipedalism, decreased facial angle
Linear Bones/True Lungs
Jaws, Paired Fins, derived from Choanchthyes
Paired Lungs and 2 pairs of limbs
notochord