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BIO 2102 Exam 2

Echinodermata Class

Asterodia, Echinodia, Holothuroidia, Crinordea, Ophiurodea

Echinoderm homologous traits

Podia, Water vacuole, reversion to radial symmetry, external reproduction

Class Asterodia (Sea stars)

Predators (bivalves, corals, barnacles), Reproduction (external, asexual reproduction)

Class Echinodia (sea urchin)

Herbivores with teeth, crawl or burrow using podia, reproduction (external)

Class Echinodia (sand dollar)

Suspension feeder, crawl or burrow using podia, reproduction (external)

Class Holothurodia (sea cucumbers)

Deposit feeder/herbivore, move with podia, reproduction (external and asexual)

Class Crinordea (feather star, sea lily)

Branched arms, simple vascular system, most ancestral

Class Ophiurodea (brittle star, basket star)

Sister to Asterodia, Use arms to move (no tube feet)

Chordata Synapomorphies

Pharyngeal gill slits

Gill slits

repeating segments in hemichordata and chordata, Filter feeding organ in awuatic organisms

Pharyngeal pouches in vertabrate

Infolding tissue at the pharynx, gills in fish/amphibians, in mammals; ear, thymus, parathyroid gland

Synapomorphy of Chordates

Notochord, Dorsal hollow neve chord, post anal muscular tail

Notochord

Formed by mesoderm, present only in embryonic/larval, Lancelets have them as adults, stiff but flexible, Organizes vertabrae

Dorsal hollow nerve chord

Protected by notochord in lancelets, brain and spinal chord protected by spine in vertebrates

Post anal muscular tail

in apes and humans only present in embryos

Subphyla of Chordata

Cephalochordata, Urochordata, Vertebrata, Cyclostomes, Actinopterygii, Sarcopterygii

Cephalochordata

Invertabrate chordate, dont make vertebrae, notochord acts as an endoskeleton, all four traits are retained in adults

Urochordata

Invertabrate, notochord/nerve chord/tail all lost in adults, adults dont make vertebrae

Vertabrata

Cranium; vertebrate/skull/well developed brain, no notochord in adults

Vertabrata Class

Cyclostomes (Myxinoidea (hagfish), Petromyzonoidea (Lampreys)), Chondrichthyes, Actnopterygii, Sacropterygii, Amphibia, Mammalia, Reptilia

Myxinoidea

No vertebrae, deposit feeder, cranium

Petromyzonoidea

Cranium, ectoparasite, cartiligous structure that is homologous with vertabrae

Cyclostomes (myxinoidea, petromyzonoidea)

Moves by swimming, external fertilization, circular mouths with hook like teeth

Vertabrate Innovation

Bone (v1.0), Bone (v2.0), jaws

Bone v1.0

Cellular matrix/blood vessels/CaPO4, First exoskeletons in ostracoderms, protection

Jaws

Derived from chondrichthyes, more efficient feeding, modified gill arch (similar structure, genes, embryotic development)

Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, skates)

certilaginous skeleton, paired fins (1st), mostly predators, some must swim to breathe, all internal fertilization)

Bone v2.0

Endoskeleton, Derived from actinopterygii, facilitates movement

Actinopterygii (rayfinned fish)

predators and herbivores, fins supported by bone in ray like, swim bladder allows for float, mostly external fertilization

Sarcopterygii (lobefinned fish and tetrapods) Classes

Actinista, Dipnoi

Sarcopterygii

predators/omnivores, fins supported by linear bone array, swimming is more like walking, lung fish is animal with first true lungs

Actinista

Coelocanths

Dipnoi

Lungfish

What is the Swim bladder?

Proccesses Oxygen and keeps bouyant

What evolved from the Swim bladder?

Lungs and Air sacs

How many lungs in lungfish?

One

First animal with true Lungs?

Lungfish

How many lungs in Tetrapods?

Two

Vertebrate Innovation #4

Limbs

Origin of limbs

From lobed fins->homologous trait, facilitates movement on land

Tetrapod class

Amphibia, Reptillia...

Class Amphibia

Aquatic and Terrestrial life cycle, breathe through lungs and skin, Mostly predators, First tetrapods, most go through metamorphosis

Who uses amniotic eggs

Every tetrapod but amphibians

Draw Amniotic egg (with and without placenta)

...

Amniotic egg structure

Protective leather or hard CaCO3

Inside Amniotic egg

Albumen (water), Amnion (embryo encased), Yolk sac (nutrients), Chorion (gas exchange)

Is the Placneta derived or ancestral?

Derived

Placenta amniote structure

Reduced or absent yolk sac, Nutrients from placenta

Placenta advantages

Large offspring, Well equipped for enviroment

Placenta Disadvantages

Costs energy, less offspring, risky

Water to land

Lung Development, Limbs made of bone, Amniotic egg

Class Reptilia traits

Body covered in scales (keratin), Well developed lungs, mostly on four limbs, Most carnivores but some herbivores, most oviparous

Reptilia subclasses

Testudines (turtle/tortise), Lepidosauria (snakes/lizards), Crocodillia (Crocodiles and Alligators), Aves (birds)

Unique Bird Traits

One of two endoderms, flight (feathers/hollow bones), Large keeled breast bone and breast muscle.

Arthropoda Subphylum

Myriapoda, Chelicerata, Insecta, Crustecea

Chordata Subphylum

Urchordata, Cephalochordata, Vertebrata

Mammalia Subclass

Monotremes, Marsupials, Eutherians

Eutherians

Primates (Order)->Strepsirrhni/Haplorhini (suborder)->Anthropoid(infraorder)->Hominid(Family)->Hominin (subfamily)

Synapomorphy of Arthropods

Jointed legs

Synapomorphy of all Dueterostomes

Anus forms first

Echinoderms synpomorphy

reversion to radial symmetry, Water vascular system, Hard CaCO3 skeleton made of plates

What is the water vascular system

Water moves along inner cillia, in one chamber out the other chamber

Class Mammalia

Endotherms, Fur/hair, Mammary gland

Monotremes (platypus/echidna)

Only mammal egg layers

Marsupials (pouched animals)

viviparous, born young and poorly developed, Do have placenta, Superficially very similar to nonmarsupials

Eutharians (placental animals)

viviparous, Most succesful and diverse lineage, Much diversification based on teeth/skulls/limbs

Order Primates

built on mammalia plan, Made for tree living (aboreal), Prehension (to grab), stereoscopic vision, Short snout, Nails, large brain relative to body size, extensive parental care

Strepsirrhini (wet nose)

Lorrises and lemurs, Arboreal, Nocturnal

Haplorhini (Dry nose)

Anrthopodia (opposable thumbs)

Family Hominidae (Great apes=long arms)

Orangutang (fist), Gorilla (knuckle)

Subfamily Hominin (Bipedal)

increased brain case volume, increased ability to work with tools, bipedalism, decreased facial angle

Sarcopterygii

Linear Bones/True Lungs

Gnathostomes

Jaws, Paired Fins, derived from Choanchthyes

Tetrapods

Paired Lungs and 2 pairs of limbs

What provides the signal for the dorsal hollow nerve chord to make the vertebrae

notochord

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