Components of Ecosystem & Properties of Population
It is the non-living chemical and
physical components that influence living things in terrestrial and aquatic life zones.
Abiotic Components
It refers to the surroundings.
Environment
It is the area where living organisms live.
Environment
The interaction between the environment and the living organisms.
Ecosystem
The community where the biotic and abiotic
elements interact with each other.
Ecosystem
Non-living chemical and
physical components that influence living things in terrestrial and aquatic life zones.
Abiotic Components
Living factors of the ecosystem. In includes plants, animals, and even microorganisms.
Biotic Components
An abiotic factor strongly influenced by sunlight that greatly affects the metabolism of organisms.
Temperature
organisms that can maintain a constant body temperature and get heat from their ownd body. (Ex. Birds & Mammals)
Homeotherms
Their body temperature changes when environmental temperature changes.
Poikilotherms
Get heat from the environment hence they are called ectothermal animals.
(Ex. mphibians, Invertebrates, Reptiles & Fishe.)
Poikilotherms
Can regulate their body temperature at a constant
level some of the time, usually hibernating mammals
Heterotherms
Animals that vary between self-regulating their body temperature, and allowing the surrounding environment to affect it. (Birds & Mammals)
Heterotherms
It is critical for cellular processes.
Water
Can live floating or submerged into the water. (Water lilies)
Hydrophytes
Are terrestrial plants that can live in an average supply of water.
Mesophytes
Can live in limited amount of water, they are extremophiles that live in dry habitats. (Cactuses or any plants in dessert)
Xerophytes
Provides all the energy for ecosystems that is necessary for photosynthesis and plays a role in the production of oxygen and to an area’s temperature.
Sunlight
The developmental responses of plants to the relative lengths of light and dark periods.
Photoperiodism
Photoreceptor protein that sense seasonal changes in night length, or photoperiod, which they take as signals to flower.
Phytochrome
Influences the rate of evaporation and transpiration and it is vital for pollination and seed dispersal.
Wind
It is mostly made up of small particles of rock mixed with decomposed plants and animals.
Soil
An inactive state resembling deep sleep in which certain animals living in cold climates that can last for weeks or months, typically throughout the winter.
Hibernation
An inactive state resembling deep sleep in which certain animals living in cold climates that can last for weeks or months, typically throughout the winter.
Hibernation
A state of lowered body temperature and metabolic activity assumed by many animals in response to adverse environmental conditions, especially cold and heat that may last for a few hours to a few days, often occurring daily or in short bursts.
Torpor
The process of animals protecting themselves from hot and dry summer by migrating to cool places and remaining dormant for a period, taking place in the summer rather than the winter.
Aestivation
It is the non living factors which are responsible for
determining the climatic conditions of an area.
Climatic Factors
An abiotic factor relating to the physical or chemical composition of the soil found in a particular
area.
Edaphic Factors
Indicates the composition of the soil and provides insights into the environmental conditions, formation processes and other influences on the soil.
Soil Color
Indication of the acidity or alkalinity of soil and is measured in pH units.
Soil pH
Plays a critical role to the absorption and utilization of essential trace elements required for healthy plant growth.
Soil pH
The living factors of the ecosystem. In includes plants, animals, and even microorganisms.
Biotic Components
Organisms that produce their own food from an energy source, such as the sun (photoautotrophs) and inorganic compounds (chemoautotrophs).
(Producer) Autotrophs
Organisms that consume other organisms as a food source.
(Consumers) Heterotrophs
Organisma that feeds on nonliving organic matter known as detritus at a microscopic level or are organisms that obtain their nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter.
(Fungi, Mushrooms & Bacteria)
(Decomposers) Saprotrophs
Inorganic compounds also called as _______.
Chemoautotrophs
Can make their own food from compounds obtained from their environment or by capturing sunlight to make glucose via photosynthesis.
( Examples are green plants and phytoplankton. )
Producers (autotrophs or self-feeders)
Get their energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.
Consumers (heterotrophs or other-feeders)
Includes bacteria and fungi that recycle organic matter in the environment.
Decomposers
Feeders or organisms that break-down and feed on dead and decaying organic material. (Millipedes, dung beetles, & earthworms)
Detritivores
A complex network of interconnecting and overlapping food chains showing feeding relationships within a community.
Food Web
The transfer of energy and nutrients from one feeding group of organism to another.
Food Chain
A food chain that starts with green plants as the main source of energy.
Grazing food chain
A food chain that starts with the dead remains of organisms as a main source of energy.
Detrital / Detritus Food chain
A position in a food chain, food web, or ecological pyramid occupied by a group of organisms with similar feeding modes.
Trophic Levels
A graphical representation of the
relationship between different organisms in an ecosystem.
Ecological Pyramids
In a pyramid of ______ , each level represents the x of individual organisms consumed by the level above it.
Pyramid of Numbers
In a pyramid of ______ , each level represents the amount of x consumed by the level above it.
Pyramid of Biomass
In a pyramid of ______ each level represents the amount of energy that is available to that trophic level.
Pyramid of Energy
The movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back.
Carbon Cycle
Involves the transformation of nitrogen between various chemical forms.
Nitrogen Cycle
The movement of phosphorus atoms from rocks through the biosphere and hydrosphere and back to rocks.
Phosphorus Cycle
This describes the continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere.
Hydrologic Cycle
Process by which certain bacteria convert nitrogen gas to ammonia
Nitrogen Fixation
Conversion of ammonia to nitrates
Nitrification
Conversion of nitrates in the soil by bacteria into nitrogen gas
Denitrification
Decomposers covert organic waste into ammonia
Ammonification
The process by which plants and animals incorporate the NO3- and ammonia formed through nitrogen fixation and nitrification.
Assimilation
Release of phosphorus from rocks
Weathering
Absorption of phosphorus from soil
Uptake by Plants
When an organism decays, phosphates go back into soil
Decomposition
Deposition of phosphorus in aquatic sediments
Sedimentation
Plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere.
Photosynthesis
Organisms release CO2 back into the atmosphere.
Respiration
Organic matter breaks down, releasing carbon.
Decomposition
Burning of fossil fuels releases stored carbon.
Combustion
Water changes from liquid to gas
Evaporation
Water vapor released from plants
Transpiration
Water vapor forms clouds
Condensation
Water returns to Earth's surface
Precipitation
Water moves across land or into the ground
Runoff and Infiltration
Part of the water cycle where an excess of water runs down and does not sink into the soil and eventually makes it to the rivers, lakes, and oceans.
Run off
Flow of water from the land surface into the subsurface; rain water soaks into the ground soil and can get into the groundwater
Infiltration
The process of interrupting the movement of water in the chain of transportation events leading to streams.
Interception
The process by which water moves downward through the soil under gravitational forces.
Percolation
Organisms that can make their own energy using light and carbon dioxide via the process of photosynthesis.
Photoautotrophs
________ is the study of populations in relation to the environment. It includes environmental influences on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size.
Population ecology
It is the size of the population to a definite unit of space.
Population density
It describes how organisms are arranged in a given area.
Population dispersion
The process by which groups of living organisms
expand the space or range within which they live. _______ operates when individual organisms leave the space that they have occupied previously, or in which they were born, and settle in new areas.
Population Dispersal
It refers to how the number of individuals in a population
increases or decreases with time
Population Growth
Group of organisms of the same species living together at a particular place.
Population
It is when the position of each individuals in a population is independent of the others
Random
It results as a form of some negative interactions
Uniform
The birthrate, which is the ration of total live births to total
population in a particular area over a specified period of time.
Natality
The death rate, which is the ration of the total number of deaths to the total population.
Mortality
The proportion of a population in different age classes.
Age structure
It refers to the organism’s maximum capacity to reproduce.
Biotic potential
___________ countries have higher average incomes, slow population growth, diverse industrial economies, and stronger social support systems.
Developed countries
______________ countries have lower average incomes, simple and agricultural economies, and higher population growth.
Developing countries
Countries with high rates of growth tend to have more younger people than older people. In contrast, countries with a slow growth rate usually have an equal distribution of ages in the population.
Age structure
It refers to the percentage of members of a group that are likely to survive to any given age. Factors such as number of offspring produced, frequency of reproduction, amount of care and resources dedicated to offspring and what kind of survivorship curve the organism exhibits can influence the population growth.
Survivorship
The ___________ is a model that describes how the changes of population growth can occur.
Demographic transition
Has a high percentage of offspring survive their early and middle years—death occurs predominantly in older individuals. These types of species usually have small numbers of offspring at one time, and they give a high amount of parental care to them to ensure their survival.
Type I survivorship curve
Organisms who die more or less equally at each age interval. These organisms also may have relatively few offspring and provide significant parental care.
Type II survivorship curve
Those with very few of these organisms survive their younger years; however, those that make it to an old age are more likely to survive for a relatively long period of time.
Type III survivorship curve
Tasked with coordinating and implementing policies and programs concerning population development, including addressing issues related to population growth, family planning and reproductive health in the country.
Population Commission / PopCom or CPD
Includes provision on access to family planning services and population education
Reproductive Health Act No. 10354 / Responsible
Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012
Conducts regular demographic and health surveys to gather data on population trends, health
indicators and family planning practices.
National Demographic and Health Survey
__________ can produce enormous number of offspring if their
reproductive capacity is unrestrained.
Biological organisms
Where individuals occur in groups due to suitable habitat or the
resources are distributed in patches
Clumped