issues and debates
how do i desl with gender bias
studying both males and females to reduce beta bias
tak8ng a reflexative approach in which they reflect on their personal bias as well acessing the influence of their own perosnal vslues amd effects on their work. this could involve adding a commentary to researrch report of how bias msy have infleunced results snd this helps to question adocentric views
how do i say someoen is shoeing determism
their thought suggest a deterministic viewpoint
they suggest biological determinism
what are the levels of reductionism
reductionism can be seen as a hierarhcy moving from
lowest level is physiological (biological leevls) which is extreme reducfionism such as role of genes
to them psychological explanatioms ( cognitive and behaviorual) ehich is a mid lebel
to
highest level cosiders a sociological level
example of leevls of reductionism in SZ
Can be undertwood at basic phyiological explanatioms such as dopamine actin at synapse
or a more socio- psychologicsl pebel such as fwmily dysfunctij
what is a causal relationship
suggests that there is a cause and wffect relationship
what is socisl sensitivity
research that has potnwtisl implications amd consequcnes
another wsy of deslimg with ethicsl implicwtions
weigh up costs and benefits
twking steps to avoid bias such as showing a refexitive approach to wvoid reinforcing gender sterotypes
what is face validity
appear to measure what they are supposed fo messure
ahat do you do with your data to ensure its signfcsnt
carry out a statistical test to identify your calcualted value. comapre cauclsted value to critical value amd if sognficwnt at 5 percent they csn ssy there is lees thwn a 5 percent chwnce results occurwd by chwnce so csn accpt their slternate hypotheiss
how does refexivity rduce gender bias
question andocentric views,gender steryotpes etc
how does refexivity reduce social semsity
how is psychic determinism linked to psychoxexusl devlopemnt
this determinsims suggeets thst behwviour is due to uncosncious confoicts and fears
experimces thst occured during the psychodexual dtsges uncosciouslt influence their behwviour snd slthough they sre unswsre of these esrly expericmes ss they hsve been represeed they demosmtrwte themslrves in his observebsk behvwiorus
how csn determism encoruwge empricsl methods
understwnding behsviour at the basic component level of environmental untis is obejctive wnd emprisl eg manipulwting stimuli a d observing responces
as ao3 how does reductionism form basis of many scientific sporoaches
as reductionism lesds to clesrly defined variabkes which can be operationalized and observed obejctivtt to edtabkish casual relationships
how would i do a reductionism AO1
what reductionism is
the different levels of explanstion - physiologicsl, psycjologicsl smd sociological
types - biological amd enviornmental reductionsm
nature nuture debate essay plan
AO1- nature defintiion
nture deifnition
empiricists and nativists
interactionislism
AO3- research evidence for nature
applicwtioj of nwture
deterministic viewpoint of nature
how does wpplicwtion of nuture support nuture
shows thwt moifying the enviornemnt cwn ifnkeumce bejwviour
how can nature lead to social sensitive researhc
can give rise to poential discriminwtion based on genetic differneces
if ssked how messyring heart rwte for excitment is reductionism ehst do i ssy
breskinf down comples bhevwiour into smsller induvidual elemfn
what is cultural relativism
appreciating that behaviour varies between cultures
how do we desl with
what snthe ideographic vs nomothetic approach
whether psychopgy resesrch should focus on the creation of universal laws or focus on ghe uniquness of indiviudpas
idipgrpahic
focus on the individual. emphasiize the importance of subjectiv expericmes pf hu,an atire and values. no formation pf laws or generlasation to pthers
nomothetic
aims to estbslieh general laws that apply to everyone. involves lookimg for common traits and abuevaiour that can be applied to a large gorup of people so aims to find norms which people can be compared ot
idiogahic methds
favours qualitiave resesrhc as they aim to gain an in- depth experime of individual experimce. this could ivnplve first hand accounts from case studies, or unstirtcured interviews
nomothetic methods
prefer methds that produce quantative data eg questionais psychometric testing. this sllows eesesrchers to wuanitiy and comapre human behwviour so universls laws can be explored
example of idiogrpahf approahc
the psychodynamic approach as freud condicted detailed invetsisgatims into lives of his patients in attwmpt to help them understand and overcome their psychokogical disprders. exsmple such ss case study on little hasnz
stremgth of idogrpahic
focus on individual. allport agrued thst it is only by knowing the person thst we can predict what that person will do in any sotuation. this helps to focus psychology back to sn individual personsl level amd bring the perosn back to psychokogy
stremgth of nomothetic
spplication in tresmtjets. in the case of OCD
through lsrge scale psychological resesrch and theroires into the xauses of ocd it has reuslted in gernsl laws relating to the imbalance of certsin neurotrasmitters which csn be applied to many people. therore, through these laws it has resulted in treatment designed to correct imbalnce, based on these general laws. thereofr through s nomothetic soorosch csn continute to imporving lives
counterpoijt of nomothetic
howver, not all drug trewmtwnts wre succesfful. w
ternwove such as cbt whichw re baeed on sn idogrpwhic wpproach are more usful at trewting ws they try to undertwnd and explain the dirder from the persons point of view
what is gender bias
this is the differentisl tresmtjet of msles sjd femsles based on sterotyprd.
what is andocentrism
resesrhc based on males suggesting that male vbeusvioru sjd vsleus aee the norm reuslting in femoees bsjevsiour being regsrded as sbornaml
what is ethnocentism
a type of culture biasin which researchers judjge rhe world through their own cultural perspectives asumming thst their own culture an values amd normal and correct. in its extreme form it it the bleid of superiority in omes own culture which could lesd to prejdudice smd discriminstiom of other cultures
how does reflexibikity reduce culture bias
by preventinf certwin behaviours from otwhr cultures being imtepreted through an ethnocentric lens
ehst does nwtire refer to
inhiertied imfleucmes such as genes
whst is the natire nuture debate
looks to u dertsand whether behaviour is govermed by nature (genes) or nuture (enviornment) snd yndetrwndung the relatige contribution of esch of these ifnkeunces
why is reductionism empiriap
explaining behsbiour at the basic component of envrionemntwl imor is empirical eg messur,emt of stimulus respomce limo (classical conditoning ) is obejctve ws involves msnipuwltiom pf stimuku
what does levels of explanation mean
understandimg behaviour at dofferent levels from a more badic reductionist level to a more hollstic level
example of a nomoethicnappraxu
studies on large samples of choldeem
ed to genersl laws about atatch,emt ypyes by ainspwrth
what do youcssy instesd of undermines for betw bias
minimises
who did bowblys resewrch hsve implicwtipnw on
workimf women
what does nature assume
heriditary is more influential