Capacitors
Define "Capacitance" & what are its units
The charge per unit potential difference across a capacitor
Units: (F)
What is a capacitor made up of?
Two metal plates separated by a dielectric(Insulator)
How do capacitors build up energy
The plates store electric charge, which creates a build up in electric potential energy
Describe the process of capacitors being charged
- The power supply's positive terminal removes negative electrons from one plate causing it to become +ve charged and transfers it to the opposite plate making it -ve charged. The more e-'s that build up, the less e-'s are pushed on the plate due to electrostatic repulsion. The pd becomes the same as the power supply
Describe the process of capacitors being discharged
e-'s leave the negative plate and are transferred to the +ve plate, this occurs until each plate has a neutral charge and the pd between them is zero
When a capacitor is being discharged, what other component is needed in the circuit and why?
- A protective resistor.
-Prevents too quick discharging which can damage the circuit
What happens when a capacitor is discharged quickly through a low resistance circuit
It produces a short burst of a large current
What happens when a capacitor is discharged slowly through a high resistance circuit.
It produces a low current over a long period of time
Give an example of where a quick discharging capacitor is used
A flash camera
Give an example of where a slow discharging capacitor is used
In a temporary power supply e.g. power to the internal memory of a device while its batteries are charged
How does area affect capacitance
Greater area of overlap between plates results in a greater amount of e-s that can be stored on the plates, so a greater capacitance
How does distance affect capacitance
Greater distance between plates = weaker the electrostatic field is between the plates resulting in a lower capacitance
How does permittivity affect capacitance
The higher the permittivity of the dielectric, the greater the ability the capacitor has to transmit an electric field between plates, so a higher capacitance
Give the formulas for capacitance
C = Q/V C = εA/d
C- Capacitance
Q - Charge
V = Voltage
ε = Material permittivity
d = separation distance
How do you find capacitance in a parallel circuit
C(total) = C1 + C2 + C3
EACH CAPACITOR HAS THE SAME VOLTAGE
How do you find capacitance in series
1/C(total) = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3
EACH CAPACITOR HAS THE SAME CHARGE
Give the formulas to get EPE stored in a capacitor
W = 1/2QV
W = 1/2CV²
W = 1/2(Q²/C)
Finish the sentence "Greater capacitance results in..."
Greater number of e-s can be stored on each plate, this increases the no of e-s that need to be discharged from the capacitor which increases the time taken for a capactor to discharge completely
Finish the sentence "Greater resistance results in..."
The more difficult it is for charge to flow, increasing time taken for e-s to leave the capacitor resulting in the time taken for the capacitor to discharge
Finish the sentence, At t=time constant....
The charge, pd and current drop to 37% of its initial value
Give another use of Capacitors
Converting AC to DC
Describe what an AC Voltage signal looks like
A sinusoidal wave
Describe what an DC Voltage signal looks like
Bumps
Describe what an AC Voltage signal (with a capacitor) looks like
Up like a sine wave when charging and down like a straight line graph when discharging
How do you find permittivity of a non vacccum insulator
ε = ε0 × εr
Why will the positive plate and negative plate have the same magnitude of charge?
Due to kirchoffs first law (Conservation of charge)
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