Biology Unit 1: Diversity of Living Things
What is biodiversity?
The number and variety of species and ecosystems on Earth
What things influence biodiversity?
Feeding, species diversity, and structural diversity
What are the different types of feeding?
Heterotrophs and autotrophs
What is an orgsnism called when it can make its own food?
An autotroph
What is an organism called when it must consume food for nutrients?
A heterotroph
What is species diversity?
Quantity of species and variety if different species present
What is structural diversity?
The range if physical shapes and sizes in an ecosystem
True/False: More biodiversity causes a less stable ecosystem.
False. Greater biodiversity creates a more stable ecosystem
What is taxonomy?
The science of classifying all organisms
What are organisms classified by?
Physical and evolutionary traits
What is binomial nomenclature?
A method of classifying organisms using the genus and species name
How are binomial nomenclatures written?
Two words, both italicized or underlined
What is the taxonomic hierarchy?
The list of all taxonomic groups from most inclusive from least inclusive
What is the order of ranks in the taxonomic hierarchy?
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What is a dichotomous key?
A set of branching that used two statementd to identify organisms
What is phylogeny?
The study of evolutionary relatedness between species
What is a prokaryote?
A unicellular organism with no membrane bound organelles
What is a eukaryote?
A unicellular or multicellular organism with membrane bound organelles
What is cladistics?
A form of classification that groups organisms using derived characters
What are derived characters?
Unique charwcteristics of a particular group of organisms die to evolution
What is a cladogram?
A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships amoung groups of organisms
What is it called whrn a characteristic is present in one group of organisms but is not found in older members of the lineage?
Evolutionary innovation
What is the outgroup of a cladogram?
The organism that had none of the derived characters
What does the branch ponit on a cladogram represent?
The recent common ancestor of all the species after the branch
What things affect bacteria growth?
Tenperature, moisture, ultraviolet light, and chemicals
What is a circular bacteria called?
Coccus
What is a bacteria with a rod shape called?
Bacillus
What is a bacteria in the shape if a spiral called?
Spirillus
What is the prefix used for a chain of bacteria?
Strepto
What is the prefix used for a clump of bacteria?
Staphylo
What are the three types of bacteria when classified by method used to obtain energy?
Obligate anaerobes, obligate aerobes, facultative aerobes
How do obligate anaerobes obtain energy?
Respiration without oxxgen
What is a bacteria called when it obtains energy by respiration with oxygen?
Obligate aerobes
What is a bacteria called when it obtains energy by respiration with or without oxygen?
Facultative aerobes
True/False: Bacteria can only reproduce asexually.
False. Bacteria can reproduce asexually and sexually by conjugation
How does conjugation work?
A cytoplasmic bridge forms between two bacteria and plasmids are transferred
What are the methods of disease transmission?
Moisture, direct contact, and through broken skin
What are extremophiles?
Bacteria that prefer an extreme environment
What type if extremophile prefers a low oxygen environment?
Methanogens
What type of environment do halophiles prefer?
Salty
What type of extremophile prefers very cold places?
Psychrophiles
What type of environment do thermophiles live in?
Very hot places
What does virus mean?
Poison
What is an epidemic?
A large scale outbreak confined to a certain geographical area
What is a pandemic?
A global epidemic
What is the basic structure of a virus?
Caspid (protein coat) and nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA)
What are the steps of a lytic cycle?
Attachement, synthesis, assembly, and release
How is the lysogenic cycle different from the lytic cycle?
They inject nucleic acid but do not take over host cell machinery immediately
What is a vaccine?
The injection of dead or weakened viral particles to cause an immune response
What is a viroid?
A small infectious piece if RNA that can cause serious disease in plants
What is a prion?
A protein that can cause brain disease in mammals
What is the protist kingdom?
All eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or mammals
Are fungi heterotrophic or autotrohic?
Heterotrophic
What is an important role fungi play?
Decomposers
True/False: Fungu form symbiotic relationships with plants.
True. Four out of every five plants have a symbiotic relationship with fungi
True/False: Fungi are harmless.
False. 80% of all plant diseases are caused by fungi. Humans also suffer from fungal diseases such ad ringworm and athletes foot
What is the bidy if a fungi made up of?
Hyphae
What is hyphae?
Thin threads of cytoplasm covered in plasma membrane
What is mycelium?
A web if hyphae
What is the part of fungi underground called?
Mycelia
How do fungi reproduce asexually?
New fungi grow from a broken piece if hyphae or from spores
How do fungi reproduce sexually?
Opposite sexes of hyphae form a diploid zygospore which produces haploid spores that are unique
What is mycorrhizae?
The symibiotic relationship between a fungi and a plant
How do plants get energy?
They make their own food using photsynthesis
What are the 5 major groups of plants?
Green algae, mosses, ferns, cone bearing plants, flowering plants
Are plants haploid or diploid?
Plants alternate between haploid and diploid throughout their life cycle
What group of plant is the closest related to ancient plants?
Green algae
What major group of plants are seedless and nonvascular?
Mosses and relatives
What major group of plants are seedless and vascular?
Ferns and relatives
What major groups of plants have naked seeds and are vascular?
Seed plants (gymnosperms)
What major group of plants have a protected seed and are vascular?
Flowering plants (angiosperms)
What does vascular mean?
Has special tissue that can move water upwards causing a plant to grow tall
Being eukaryotic, having cells with no cell walls, being multicellular, and being heterotrophic are all characteristics of what?
An animal
What does a body plan include?
A type of symmetry, presence if a body cavity, embryological developement, segmentation, presence of a head, placement and number of limbs, movement and presence if a backbone
What are the levels of organization?
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
What are the different types if symmetry?
Asymmetrical, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry
What does embryological development look like?
A diploid zygote is formed one from haploid sperm and one haploid egg cell; the zygote splits into two, four, eight, etc cells; eventually a blastula forms and begins to form the digestive tract
What is a blastula?
A hollow ball of cells
What is a blastospore?
The first opening in the digestive tract
What is a protostome?
Blastospore is a mouth
What is a deuterostome?
Blastospore is an anus
What is segmentation?
Repeating oarts in a group if organisms
What is a vertebrate?
An animal with a backbone
What is an invertebrate?
An animal without a backbone
What phylum are vertebrates in?
Chordata