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Bilaterians- Biodiversity

What are Bilaterians

These are all the animals that have biateral symmetry in their body rather than radial or no symmetry

How have Bilaterians developed

They only have 1 plane of symmetry in their body and the vast number of animals are bilaterians
They have a higher eumetazoa that have bilateral symmetry and also 3 tissue layers so are triploblasts

How do Bilaterians move

They locomote across an environement gradient in order to find food, mating partners and to avoid predators
This can be done due to the presence of head showing the cephalization hass taken place

The movement across gradienst causes the bilateral symmetry

Some Cnidariens evolve a degree of bilateral due to move across gradients

What is cephalization

Bilaterians can move across an environmental gradient due to polarity
There is a concentration of sensory organs at the front of the animal

Concentration of nervous system at the front of the animal to then form a head that allow directional movement

What is secondary radial symmetry

This happens when sessile bilaterains revert back to having radial symmetry
Such as in Echnoderms, Bryozoa and Annelids

How does bilaterain locomation take place

There are muscles that relax and contract
This means that a skeleton is needed in the form of an

endoskeleton in Vertbrates, Exoskeleton in arthropods or a hydrostatic skeleton

What is a hydrostatic skeleton

They are found in all Bilaterians where they allow crawling to peristaltic
This is an enclosed volume of fluid that is uses to support and counteract muscles

This is well adapted for aquatic or damp habitats

There is an antagonistic relaitionship between longitudinal and circular muscles

Where are the body cavities in bilaterians

In Annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echnioderms and chordates the cavity within the mesoderm
In roundworms and wheel animals the cavity between the mesoderm and endoderm

There is no body cavity in flat worms

What are Platyhelminthes

These are Flat worms
They are marine and freshwater as well as damp on land habitat

They have a dorsoventrally flattend body

Only 1 opening in the digestive system

They are parasites that suck onto vertabrates due to have 2 suckers

What are Tubellaria

Type of flat worm in the phylum
These are free living in mostly marine but some freshwater

They are carnivores

Best know is the Planarians

What are Planarien eye spots

They prefer and work better in the dark due
Contain photoreceptors that then fead to the brain via nerves

There is an ocellus round the eyes

How do Planarians reproduce

Can be asecually by fission and regeneration where they need 1/279 of the species to then form a fully new organsim via asexual reproduction
It can also happen via sexual rexual reproduction

Planarian Asexual reproduction

The more anterior the fragement then the faster it will regenerate a head
If a fragment is too small then it will lose polarity and form a janus head

What are Monogenea and Trematoda

They are both parasites that are adapted for parasitic life style
They have specialised suckers for attatchment

Their life cucle often involve multiple host species

What are Cestoda

These are highly adapted tapeworms
They have a Scolex head with hooks and suckers for attachment

Body made up of ribbon of proglottids each with multiple sex organs

They have multiple host in a life cycle

What is the Beef Tapeworm life cycle

Eggs or gravid proglottids in feces enter the environment and the cows become infested by eating contaminated vegatation
Oncospheres hatch and penetrate the intestine wall and enter the muscles

Humand are infected by eating raw infected meat, where then the scolex attach to the small intestine and they develop to adult tape worms there

What is the phylum Rotifa

These are triploblasts that are mostly freshwater and a few marine
They are an important part of plankton

Up to 2mm long and have a proper gut: mouth with cilia and an anus

Function as hydrostatic skeleton

How do Rotifer reproduce in favourable conditions

Only in females can reproduce through unfertilized eggs this is called parthenogenesis, these dont live very long
Embryos can also break dormancy to get female generation with smoe rotifa groups not forming a male in 35 million years

Rotifer reproduction in unfavourable conditons

Male and female eggs are produced so get a fertilized eg that then are cabaple to go dormant till get favourable conditions

What is the Lophotrocgozoa phylas

They have a crown of ciliated tentacles around the mouth
This is used for filter feeding due all species are aquatic

Due to this however they are sessile as they dont have a head due to the loss of cepha;isation and they have a U shaped gut

What are Ectoprocta

A Phyla of colonial animal that are lophotrochozoa
These are moss animals that are moslty marine but a few in freeshwater

They have a retractable lophophore

What are Brachiopoda

These are lamp shells that are all marine
They resemble clams but have 2 halves of shell that are dorsal ventral and not lateral, this is Convergent evolution

They have pediclde that anchor them to substrates

Have a lophomore so are filter feeders

What are Nemertea

These are Ribbon worms that sre 20-50cm long and mainly marine or moist soil
They are active swimmers or burrow in the sand

They havea proboscis for hunting along with contraction ciruclar muscles that push out the probosics when fluid pressure increases

What are Annelida

These are Segmented worms that live in the sea, fresh water or damp soil
There are 2 groups : Ploychaetes and Oligochaetes

Polychaetes have many hairs per segment and oligiochaetes have few hairs per segment

What is metameric segmentation

This is shown in annelida where there are 2 cavities per segment that are seperated by mesnetry
Segment are seperated by septae

Each cavity has its own excretory system

There is ladder like ventral nervous system with one ganglion per segment

How did segmentation evolve

It is unclear due to segmentation in many phyla
Once segmentation exist it can lead to specialisation between segments

In annelida sgemnetation goes back to common anscestor and in arthropods segmentation evolved seperatly

What are the annelida Polychaeta

These are mainly marine
Have a clear head region and each segment has parapodia and chaetae(Hair)

They can move by retrograde waves of parapodial power strokes alternatinjg between the left and the right

E.G Fan Worms, Christmas Tree worms,

What are Annelida Oligochaeta

These are earthworms spo freshwater,marine and land based
There is no clear head region and segments omly have chaetae but no legs

They move by peristalitc crawling

What are annelida- Hirudinea

These are leeches that are generally freshwater, and have reduced segmentation with no chaetae
They are blood suckers of intervtabrae and vertabrae hosts

This is due to have suckers with blad like jaw and are anaesthetic and anticoagulant

What are Tardigrada

These are waterbears and mossm piglets that are extremly small
Survive in extreme environments and have survived in space

An ancient groups due fossils from 530 mya

What are Nematoda

These are round worms and are unsegmented worms they are widespread in water, soil,plant and animal tissues
They have a fluid filled body cavity that is partially lined with mesoderm

Feed on decomposing material or bacteria

Can be parasites of plant and animals

How do nematoda move

BY longitudinal muscles that work against the fluid filled body cavity and cuticle
Cause a thrashing movement

Dont have circular muscles

What are C.elegans The Worm

The first amimal to have its genome cloned and they are transparent so can be observed easily
They have a fixed cell number of 959

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