C2 Bon
This force of attraction between ___ charged ions forms an ___ bond.
! Oppositely
! Ionic
Oppositely charged ions ___ each other.
This is called an ___ force. This same force is also what attracts protons to electrons within atoms and ions.
! Attract
! Electrostatic
Metals normally form ions which have a ___ charge, while non-metals form ions with a ___ charge
! Positive
! Negative
Ionic structures involve many ions bonded together via ___ bonds
! Ionic
three properties that ionic compounds have
! High strength bonds
High melting and boiling points
Conduct electricity when liquid
Covalent bonds form between _______ atoms
Non metalic
Atoms can share electrons to form ___ bonds
Covalent
Covalent substances that only contain a few atoms are called ___ ___ substances
Simple molecular
covalent substances with millions of atoms are called ___ ___ structures
Giant covalent
In simple molecular substances, the individual molecules are held together by ________ forces that exist between the molecules
Intermolecular
most simple molecular substances exist in the _____ state at room temperature
Gaseous
two properties of simple molecular substances
Unable to conduct electricity
Low boiling points
simple molecular substances
Strong covalent bonds between the atoms of each molecule.
Weak intermolecular forces between molecules.
Low melting and boiling points (so normally gaseous as room temperature).
Cannot conduct electricity
Giant covalent structures have ___ melting points, as the atoms are all held together by strong ____ bonds which require a ___ amount of energy to break
! High
! Covalent
! Large
giant covalent structures
Every atom is connected by strong covalent bonds
No weak intermolecular forces as there is only one structure
High melting and boiling points
Cannot conduct electricity (except graphite)
properties of diamond
High melting and boiling point
Doesn't conduct electricity
Strong
allotropes
Two substances made from the same element, that are in the same physical state, but that have different structures
In diamond, each ___ atom is bonded to ___ other atoms via covalent bonds
! Carbon
! For
Graphite is a lot softer than diamond why
This is because the 2D layers of graphite stack on top of each other with only weak intermolecular forces holding them together
Graphite, graphene, and fullerenes, are all made from carbon in a solid state. Which word best describes these structures
Allotropes
Graphene is just a single layer of ______, which consists of carbon atoms arranged into flat _____
Each carbon has one ______ electron, so graphene can conduct electricity
! Graphite
! Hexagon
! Delocalised
Nanotubes made from these are useful in electronics why
This is because each carbon atom has one delocalised electron which can carry charge
two applications of fullerenes in industry
Catalysts in chemical reactions
Delivery of medicines around the body
Metals can bind to non-metals via
Ionic bonding
Non-metals can bind to other non-metals via
Covalent bonding
Metal atoms can bind to other metals
Metalic bonding
properties of metals
High melting points
High strength
Malleable
In metallic bonding, each metal atom becomes an ion with a ________ charge how
! Positive
It does this by giving up its outer shell electrons.
These electrons are said to be 'delocalised', and are shared across all the ions in the structure
In metallic bonding, electrons are delocalised from the lattice of metal ions.
These electrons can carry charge, and so metal acts as a conductor of ______
These electrons can also carry _________ energy, meaning metals are good conductors of ___
! Electricity
! Thermal
! Heat
alloy
A metal combined with one or more other elements
Alloys tend to have a higher strength than pure metals why
This is because the atoms/ions of the different elements are different sizes, which disrupts the regular layered structure and so means the layers can no longer slide over one another
particle model has 3 main assumptions
Small
Inelastic
Spheres
In ____, strong attractive forces hold the particles in place, so that they can only _____ in position
As the substance is ______, the particles gain energy and vibrate faster and faster. Eventually, the particles have so much energy that they can overcome the forces holding them together, and the substance ____ into a ____
! Solid
! Vibrate
! Heated
! Melt
! Liquid
When a gas is heated, the particles gain _____ energy and move faster
Kinetic
If the gas is trapped within a container that cannot ____, it means that the volume of the gas is ______, and so the pressure inside the container _____
! Expand
! Volume
! Pressure
Nanoparticles have a very high surface area to volume ratio
This means they make very ______ catalysts in chemical reactions
Good