Skeletal System - Objectives Only
Functions of the skeletal system: Some People Make Many Big Eggs
1. Support: Provides framework for body and supports soft tissue
2. Protection: Shields vital organs like the skull shields the brain
3. Movement: Serves as attachment points for muscles which allows movement
4. Mineral storage: Stores minerals like calcium/phosphorus
5. Blood cell production: Red and white
6. Energy storage: Stores lipids in yellow bone marrow
The long shaft of the bone; provides leverage and support
Diaphysis
The ends of a long bone; contain spongy bone and red marrow for blood cell production
Epiphyses
Covers the epiphyses; reduces friction at joints
Articular cartilage
A fibrous membrane covering the bone, contains blood vessels and nerves
Periosteum
A thin membrane lining the medullary cavity; involved in bone growth and repair
Endosteum
Hollow space inside the diaphysis; contains yellow marrow for fat storage
Medullary Cavity
Fraction where the bone breaks but does not puncture the skin
Simple (closed fracture)
Fracture where the bone breaks and pierces the skin, increasing risk of infection
Compound (open) fracture
Fracture where the bone break occurs straight across the bone
Transverse fracture
Fracture where the break occurs at an angle
Oblique
Fracture caused by twisting
Spiral fracture
Fracture where there is a small crack in the bone from overuse
Stress fracture
Process of Bone Fracture Repair: RRB
Hematoma Formation (Reactive): Blood clot forms at the fracture site.
Soft Callus Formation (Reparative): Fibrous tissue forms around the fracture.
Hard Callus Formation: (Reparative pt. 2) New bone begins to form, bridging the fracture.
Bone Remodeling: The bone remodels itself to restore original shape and strength.
Synovial ball-and-socket joint; allows for a wide range of motion
Shoulder Joint (Glenohumeral)
Synovial hinge joint; allows flexion and extension
Elbow
Synovial hinge joint; allows flexion and some rotation
Knee Joint
Synovial ball-and-socket joint; allows for movement in multiple directions.
Hip Joint
Synovial hinge joint; allows dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
Ankle Joint
Joint type that is connected by dense connective tissue (e.g., sutures of the skull).
FIbrous Joints
Joint type connected by cartilage (e.g., intervertebral discs).
Cartilaginous Joints
Joint type that has a synovial cavity and are freely movable (e.g., shoulder, knee).
Synovial Joints
Immovable joints include:
Sutures
Slightly movable joints includes:
Pubic symphysis
Freely movable joints include:
Synovial joints (mostly)
Decreasing the angle between two bones is a movement called:
Flexion
Increasing the angle between two bones is what movement:
Extension
Moving a limb away from the midline of the body is what movement:
Abduction
Moving a limb toward the midline of the body is what movement:
Adduction
Turning around an axis (e.g., turning the head) is what movement:
Rotation
Circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction is what movement:
Circumduction
Rotating the forearm (palm down/up) is what movement:
Pronation/Supination
Flexing the foot upward/downward is what movement:
Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion
Minerals in bone: Cats Paws Make Fuzzy Zebra Mittens
Calcium - The most abundant mineral in bones, essential for bone structure and strength.
Phosphorus: Works closely with calcium to form hydroxyapatite, the mineral complex that makes up the bone matrix.
Magnesium
Fluoride
Zinc
Maganese
Red vs Yellow Marrow
Red bone marrow is responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, while yellow bone marrow primarily stores fat and can convert to red marrow if needed
Areas of cartilage located at the ends of long bones where new bone growth occurs during childhood
- Allows for lengthening of the bones
- Once growth is complete, these plates close and turn into solid bone
Epiphyseal/Growth Plates
_______ are fibrous joints where 2 joints are joined by ligaments (limited movement)
- Tibia and fibula
Syndenmoses
________ is a cartilaginous joint located between the left and right pubic bones, providing slight flexibility/ stability for walking/childbirth
Pubic Synthesis
The part of a bone that forms part of a joint. Often at end of bone, small and rounded.
- Example: the capitulum of the humerus, connects with the radius at the elbow joint
Capitulum
An incomplete fracture; bone bends and partially breaks (like a twig)
Greenstick
Very thin fracture that may not completely break bone
Hairline Fracture
A fracture that occurs at or near a joint affecting stability. Example: Fractured wrist/ankle/patella
Joint Fracture or Articular Fracture
Intrarticular fracture (surface of joint) and Extrarticular fracture (not direct surface of joint)
The 2 Types of Joint Fractures