Test 1
Person, health, environment & nursing
metaparadigms
cognitive, communication, interpersonal, behavioral, psycho-motor, sensory, environmental
CNO entry to practice competencies
Knowledge, inquiry, accountability, autonomy, advocacy, innovation, collaboration, ethics & values
Professionalism
Person centered care, relational practice, leadership, equity & social justice, critical inquiry & evidence informed practice, continuous quality improvement
Key Nursing concepts
1639
First nursing mission
1600s
First hospital in Quebec (Jeanne mance)
1874
First nursing school (St. Catherines)
1881
School for Nurses created (Toronto General)
1919
First BSCN - UBC
1959
First master's - UWO
1991
first doctoral - University of Alberta
Theory based on the needs of the patient and how the nurse can support the patient's health & wellness , developed by Henderson
Needs based theory
Theory focused on relationships between nurses and patients, nursing is an impersonal process, created by peplau
Interactionist theory
Theory views patient as an irreductible & individual whole, holographically connected with the universal environment, created by Rogers
Systems theory
theory prioritizes environmental factors (clean air and water, sunlight, clean area), created by Nightingale
Environmental theory
Theory views patients as adaptive systems, emphasizes importance of helping individuals adapt to their environment, 4 modes of adaption: physiological, self concept, role function & interdependence, created by Roy
Adaptive Model Theory
theory maintains capacity for person's self care, signifies that all patients want to care for themselves, created by Orem
Self care theory
theory / model based on individuals relationship and response to stress, emphasizes stress as harmful to individuals well being
Neuman systems model
Emphasizes restoring independence of patient, holistic approach to care, integration of physical, emotional, social dimensions of nurse - patient relationships, created by Adams
Conceptual Model of Nursing
Nursing as caring, promote health, prevent illness, caring for the sick & restoring health
Theory of human caring
Model/ theory focuses on family as the focus of nursing, maintain patients health through engaging in learning, recognizes health as a learned phenomenon & family as primary socializer
McGill's Model of Nursing
Group of theories that consider health to be an evolutionary process with each society having its own definition of health/illness, environment interacts with the patient
Simultaneity theories
Approach to health that emphisizes medical intervention to restore health, stability orientation, Western based, health care system is key to ensuring population health, emphasizes treatment of disease instead of health promotion & disease prevention
Medical approach
Approach to health that was created in 1974, identified health determinents, focus on healthy lifestyle, responsibility of health is on the individual
Behavioral Approach
Approach to health where health related behaviors cannot be separated from social contexts (environments) in which they occur, recognizes relationship between health & physical environments
Socioenvironmental approach
Approach to health focused on environment where respectful nurses value the individuals rights, customs, beliefs, values
Nursing & Person approach
Most significant determinant of health
Income / social status
Differences in health status among population groups (examples: socioeconomic status, indigenous identity, gender, geographic location)
Health Disparities
First level of disease prevention before signs and symptoms
Primary
second level of disease prevention, activities that promote early detection of disease
Secondary
Third level of disease prevention, initiated in convalescence stage to prevent progression
Tertiary
Respect for patients needs, coordination/integration of care, info & education, physical comfort, emotional support, involvement of family & friends, continuity & transition, access to care
RNAO dimensions of person centered care
Safe, timely, effective, efficient, equitable, patient centered care
Attributes of Quality Health care
Noticing, interpreting, responding, reflecting
Tanner's clinical judgement model
Self assessment, best evidence/research/guidelines
Reflective practice
Starts & concludes with positive feedback, critical feedback between positive content
Feedback Sandwich
Feedback that focuses on reflecting observations chronologically, reiterating events that occured during the observation session back to learner
Chronological Fashion
Feedback model where learner gives background about their performance & states what was done well & what could be improved, opportunity for learner to think & reflect, reinforces positives, plan of improvement is made, weaknesses are dissected
Pendleton model
Broad, abstract theories providing a general framework (Orem's theory)
Grand theories
More specific theories that focus on a particular concept or phenomena to help explain life processes & experiences to frame concepts for empirical evaluation. Find commonalities in human experience like unpleasent symptoms, uncertainity in illness
Middle - range theories
Theories focusing on specific interventions or outcomes in nursing practice (Watson's self care theory)
Practice theories
• Reflecting on clinical experiences helps consolidate learning and improves future nursing care. Both successes and challenges should be analyzed.
• Sharing experiences in group settings encourages diverse perspectives and deeper understanding.
Reflective Practice
Relies on verifiable data and scientific rationale.
Empirical knowledge
Emphasizes self-awareness and the relational aspects
Personal knowing
Involves a deep appreciation of the person’s experience, connecting emotional and sensory experiences.
Aesthetic knowing
Focuses on principled care and moral decision-making.
Ethical knowing
A more recent addition, considers social justice issues and health disparities, emphasizing the role of nurses as advocates for equity.
Emancipatory knowing
Compassion, competence, conscience, confidence, commitment, comportment
6 Cs of Caring
individuals, families, communities : the individual receiving care
Person
Internal/external factors affecting health (access to care, economic status , cimate, gender )
Environment
Relative concept shaped by culture & personal experiences. Defined as complete physical, mental, social well being
Health
Focuses on caring & fostering well-being, emphasis on advocacy, ethics, protecting patient rights
Nursing
Ranges from optimum health to death
Wellness - illness continuum
care that emphasizes prevention, early intervention, chronic disease management
Contemporary health care
Evidence based knowledge, clinical guidelines, theories, preventive/direct/ pallative care, health promotion
Science of Nursing
Involves the interpersonal & compassionate aspects of nursing, uses empathy, theraputic communication, understanding
Art of Nursing
Values & ethics, knowledge, leadership, comportment
Professional Identity components
Empirical, ethical, personal, aesthetic
Carpers Four Fundamental Patterns of knowing
Staffing shortages, workplace safety, technology, ethics, advocacy & policy
Major challenges for nurses
Unavoidable & acceptable, unavoidable & unacceptible, avoidable & acceptable, avoidable & unaccepted
clinical outcomes - 4 key areas
Providers respect & explore patient beliefs, aware of personal bias, use interpreters when needed
Interpersonal competence
Healthcare institutions have diverse workforces, offer language assistance, culturally appropriate services
organizational compotence
Not just absence of disease; ability to adapt to health challenges
Health
Health outcomes of groups of people, and how these outcomes are distributed, influenced by wide range of factors, nursing practice includes knowledge of population, using evidence based approaches, addressing health disparities, disease prevention
Population health
Communication that is purposeful between healthcare providers & patients/families and aims to achieve health related goals
Theraputic communication
Honesty/Clarity/empathy, interpersonal boundaries, non-verbal communication, active listening, verbal responses
key elements of Effective communication
STEEP: Safe, Timely, Effective, Efficient, Equitable, Patient-Centered
6 Key Attributes of Quality Care
Theory guides specific nursing interventions & predicts outcomes
Perscriptive
The extent to which healthcare services improve desired outcomes & align with professional knowledge
Quality of Care
Results in Patient harm
Harmful Incident
Did not reach patient, thus causes no harm
Near miss
Reached patient but did not result in harm
No-harm Incident
Patient safety culture, teamwork, communication, safety/risk/quality improvement, optimizing human & system factors, recognizing & responding to patient safety incidents
Safety competencies framework
Influential relationship between leaders & followers, aimed at achieving real changes & outcomes that reflect shared goals. involves 3 elements: the leader , follower, situation
Leadership
initially focused on identifying innerent traits that distinguished leaders from from non-leaders, but lacked a universally accepted list of attributes
Great main- trait theories
Emphasize the behaviors that effective leaders exhibit, emotional intelligence, crucial for relationship building
Behavior theories
Acknowledge that effective Leadership varies depending on context & needs of followers
Contingency theories
Health is defined as maintenence of physiological, functional, social norms. Encompases views of health as a process, state, homeostasis
Health as stability
Health is defined as human potential, health & wellnes used interchangability
Health as actualization
Health defined as capacity to fufill roles, meet demands, engage in the activities of everyday living
Health as resource
Health is defined as reflecting the whole person as process & is synonymous with self - transcendence
Health as unity