LESSON 3: PROTEINS (BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE)
How many AMINO ACID that ORIGINALLY humans have?
22
How many AMINO ACIDS can READ?
20 amino acids
THREE EXECUTIVE BASIS
example: GAU ( 1 codon) AUU, GCU (2 codon)
CODON
What are the TWO CATEGORIES of AMINO ACIDS?
Non-essential and essential amino acids
Essential and non-essential amino acids
Non-essential and essential
Essential and non-essential
One of the cetgories of amino acids that CAN PRODUCE by your BODY. These are amino acids that the BODY can SYNTHESIZE on its OWN, so they do not need to be obtained directly from the diet. Examples of non-essential amino acids include alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine.
NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
How many NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS do we have?
11 non essential
How many ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS do we have?
9 essential
One of the categories of aminod acids that NEED to CONSUME or KAININ. These are amino acids that CANNOT be SYNTHESIZED by the BODY and MUST be OBTAINED from the diet. There are nine essential amino acids for humans, including histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. It's essential to consume foods containing these amino acids to meet the body's needs.
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
What are THREE STEPS in MRNA?
Initiation, Elongation, Termination
Initiation, Elongation, and Termination
It is DNA is CONVERTED to mRNA (parang binabasa)
TRANSCRIPTION
it refers to RECOGNIZE or START. the SMALL ribosomal subunit BINDS to the mRNA molecule NEAR the start codon (typically AUG) with the help of initiation factors. The initiator tRNA, carrying methionine (or formylmethionine in bacteria), also binds to the start codon. Then, the LARGE ribosomal subunit joins to form the complete initiation complex, allowing translation to begin.
INITIATION
process of mRNA refers to ADDING of NUCLEOTIDES. During this process, the RIBOSOMES moves along the mRNA molecule in a 5' to 3' direction. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome, where they bind to the complementary mRNA codon in the A site. Peptide bond formation occurs between the amino acids in the A and P sites of the ribosome. The ribosome then translocates, moving the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain from the A site to the P site, and the mRNA is READ codon by codon.
ELONGATION
this refers to STOPPING or TERMINATION or also called TERMINATOR. OCCURS when a STOP codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) is ENCOUNTERED on the mRNA. Release factors recognize the stop codon, causing the ribosome to release the newly synthesized polypeptide chain. The ribosome then dissociates from the mRNA, and the components (mRNA, ribosomal subunits, and tRNAs) are recycled for further rounds of translation.
TRANSCRIPTION
BEGINS TRANSCRIPTION and STICK to the TEMPLATE STRAND
promoter
it was TRANSCRIBED to RNA and ONLY ONE STRAND. is a specific DNA strand used as a GUIDE during TRANSCRIPTION to CREATE a complementary RNA molecule.
TEMPLATE STRAND
refer to specific DNA sequences that SIGNAL the END of GENE TRANSCRIPTION.
TERMINATOR
It refers to RNA to PROTEIN. here PROTEIN is SYNTHESIZED from the information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA)
TRANSLATION
it PROVIDES the TEMPLATE from protein synthesis during translation. is a type of RNA molecule that CARRIES GENETIC INFORMATION from the DNA in the cell's nucleus to the ribosomes in the CYTOPLASM
mRNA (messenger RNA)
type of RNA molecule that brings AMINO ACIDS to the RIBOSOME during PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. Each tRNA molecule carries a specific AMINO ACID and has an anticodon region that can base-pair with the codon on the mRNA. This matching ensures that the correct amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain.
tRNA (transfer RNA)
a type of RNA molecule that CARRY AMINO ACID to mRNA. it BRINGS AMINO ACID and READS GENETIC CODE during translation
tRNA (transfer RNA)
it is a STRUCTURAL or CATALYTIC ROLE during translation. _______ molecules HELP in the ASSEMBLY of RIBOSOMES and CATALYZE the FORMATION of PEPTIDE bonds between amino acids during translation. Ribosomes consist of rRNA and protein components and are where mRNA is translated into proteins.
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
what is the STUCTURE OF PROTEINS?
Primary protein structure, Secondary protein structure, Tertiary protein structure and Quarternary protein structure
Is a UNIQUE ORDER of AMINO ACIDS in a protein chain CONNECTED by PEPTIDE BONDS. it is START from N-TERMINAL (AMINO terminal) END of polypeptide chain and END at the C-TERMINAL (CARBOXYL TERMINAL)
Primary protein structure
Primarily DRIVEN by HYDROGEN BONDING between amino acids. It causes the amino acids to FOLD into a REPEATING PATTERN. it is also CRITICAL for FOLDING of protein into ite THREE DIMENSIONAL SHAPE
Secondary protein structure
Only 3D STRUCTURE. It is the THREE DIMENSIONAL ARRANGEMENT or FOLDING PATTERN of all amino acids in a single polypeptide chain due to R GROUPS also known as SIDE CHAINS. Some r groups are hydrophilic and some are hydrophobic.
Tertiary protein structure
ARRANGEMENT of MULTIPLE POLYPEPDTIDE CHAIN. Composed of TWO or MORE POLYPEPTIDE that INTERACT with EACH OTHER
example: HEMOGLOBIN because it composed of four polypeptide chains TWO ALPHA BETA and TWO ENZYMES (DNA polymerase, ribosomes, anti bodies and ion channels)
another example TUBULIN and ANTIBODIES
Quarternary protein structure
WATER LOVING and tend to SOLVE or MIX well with WATER they typically contain POLAR or CHARGED GROUP that can form HYDROGEN BONDS with water molecules. Found OUTSIDE PART of PROTEINS.
Example: Glucose (sugar), starch, cellulose, ethanol, and salt
HYDROPHILIC
WATER-FEARING and tend to REPEL WATER. They typically NON-POLAR and do NOT READILY to DISSOLVE jn WATER they AGGREGATE TOGETHER AWAY from water. FOUND INSIDE PART of the protein
example: oil, waxes, steroids
HYDROPHOBIC
What are the TWO COMMON TYPES of PROTEINS based on SHAPE?
Globular proteins and Fiborous proteins
globular and fiborous
globular and fiborous proteins
it is one of the common type of proteins have a COMPACT, SPHERICAL SHAPE, WATER SOLUBLE FOUND in CELLULAR FLUIDS and ORGANELLES
example: transport proteins like HEMOGLOBIN and INSULIN
GLOBULAR PROTEINS
it is one of the common type of proteins have a LONG, ELONGATED SHAPED, composed of REPEATING STRUCTURAL UNITS. And it is INSOLUBLE in water
example: COLLAGEN and KERATIN
FIBOROUS PROTEINS
Is a LARGE PROTEIN which CIRCULATES FREELY in human plasma. it has a MORE NONPOLAR CORE with a POLAR OUTER LAYER
ALBUMIN
ACT as a CHANNEL for WATER to ENTER and EXIT a cell and are LOCATED within the LIPID BILAYER of a cell's plasma mebrane. Have a MORE POLAR CORE with a NONPOLAR OUTER LAYER
AQUAPORINS
Is ACT as a CHEMICAL MESSENGER. CARRY MESSAGES THROUGHOUT the body
HORMONES
HELP PROTECT the BODY FROM foreign INVADERS like BACTERIA and VIRUSES
ANTIBODIES
HELP VITAL SUBSTANCES to ENTER and EXITS CELLS such as IONS, SUGARS, AMINO ACIDS, and other molecules. __________ are specialized proteins that play a crucial role in MAINTAINING cellular function
TRANSPORTERS
SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS in the body by REDUCING the AMOUNT of ENERGY NEEDED for the reactions to PROCEED
example: One common example is the AMYLASE, which catalyzes the breakdown of starch into simpler sugars (such as maltose and glucose).
ENZYMES
Refers to an ENZYME that BREAKS DOWN the STARCH from food
AMYLASE
it refers to an ENZYME that BREAKS DOWN LACTOSE, Lactose is DISACCHARIDE, SUGAR in MILK and DAIRY PRODUCTS
LACTASE
it refers to NONENZYME PROTEINS that TRANSPORT OXYGEN in the BLOOD and HELP MYSCLES more respectively
HEMOGLOBIN AND MYOSIN
is a NONENZYME protein FOUND in RED BLOOD CELLS that is RESPONSIBLE for TRANSPORTING OXYGEM FROM the LUNG to TISSUES throughout the body.
HEMOGLOBIN
is a type of NONENZYME protein primarily FOUND in MSUCLE CELLS, where it plays a KEY ROLE in MUSCLE CONTRACTION and MOVEMENT
MYOSIN
is an IMPORTANT STEP in protein production because PROTEINS' SHAPES (structure) ENABLE them to CARRY OUT their FUNCTIONS
FOLDING
Refers to TWO BONDED AMINO ACIDS
DIPEPTIDE
Refers to THREE BONDED AMINO ACIDS
TRIPEPTIDE
Give the meaning of DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Give the meaning of RNA
Ribonucleic acid
is a DOUBLE STRANDED creating ALPHA HELIX. it was located INSIDE the NUCLEUS and its funtcion is to STORE the GENETIC INFORMATION also known as the "LIBRARY OF THE CELL" its SUGAR called DEOXYRIBOSE because it LACKS of OXYGEN
DNA
It CONTAINS an ORGANISM'S INSTRUCTIONS for BUILDING all the PROTEINS its body NEEDS. it has a H HYDROGEN ATOMS
DNA
is a SINGLE STRANDED. it was located OUTSIDE the NUCLEUS. its function is to TRANSFER GENETIC INFORMATION from one part of the cell to another. it SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS. it has a OH has HYDROXIL
RNA
who DISCOVER the DNA?
Phoebus Levene
is FORMED by JOINING HUNDREDS of AMINO ACIDS TOGETHER. It can function as a protein in and of itself
POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
it CONSIST of TWO CONNECTED RINGS made up of CARBON and NITROGEN ATOMS. it has a DOUBLE RINGS. The purines in DNA and RNA are ADENINE and GUANINE. It is LARGER than pryrimidines because they a have a TWO-RING STRUCTURE
PURINES
it CONSIST of SINGLE-RING STRUCTURE composed. the pryrimidines in DNA are CYTOSINE and THYMINE; while the pyrimidines in RNA are CYTOSINE and URACIL. it is only have a SINGLE RING
PYRIMIDINES
What are the PYRIMIDINES in DNA?
Cytosine and Thymine
What are the PYRIMIMIDINES in RNA?
Cytosine and Uracil
it was named by ERWIN CHARGAFF. DNA from any CELL of all organisms should have a 1:1 RATIO (base pair rule) of PYRIMIDINE and PURINE BASES. The AMOUNT of guanine is EQUAL to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymind.
CHARGAFF'S RULE
Chargaff's rule
A THEORY stating that GENETIC INFORMATION FLOWS ONLY in ONE DIRECTION
(from DNA to RNA to PROTEIN) or (RNA directly to PROTEIN)
CENTRAL DOGMA OF DNA
Central dogma of DNA
It involves COPYING of GENES DNA SEQUENCE to MAKE an RNA MOLECULE. _______ is performed by ENZYMES called RNA POLYMERASE
TRANSCIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION is PERFORMED by ENZYMES called ________\_
RNA POLYMERASE
________ PRODUCES PROTEINS. The purpose of _______ is to SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS for CELKULAR FUNCTIONS. This OCCURS in CYTOPLASM, the mRNA READ RIBOSOMES. tRNA BRING AMINO ACIDS to the ribosomes where their MATCH their ANTICODIN sequences with the CODINS in the mRNA. This leads to the ASSEMBLY of AMINO ACIDS into a POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN which then FOLDS into a FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN
TRANSLATION
DNA to DNA
REPLICATION
DNA to RNA
TRANSCRIPTION
RNA to PROTEIN
TRANSLATION
is a COMBINATION of CARBOHYDRATES and PROTEIN
GLYCOPROTEIN
It HELPS ACCELERATE or SPEEDING UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS in our body including LIVER FUNCTIONS and STOMACH. They achieve this by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to occur, thereby accelerating the rate of the reaction.
ENZYMATIC PROTEINS
it is a NECESSARY COMPONENT of body like COLLAGEN and KERATIN. this type of proteins are provides support, shape, and stability to cells and tissues in the body.
STRUCTURAL PROTEINS
it is a type of protein SYNTHESIZED by ORGANISMS and it refers to STORING AMINO ACIDS
STORAGE PROTEINS
is a type of protein that refers to TRANSPORTING SUBTANCE ACROSS CELLULAR MEMBRANES. involved in the MOVEMENT of molecules, ions, or other substances across biological membranes or within cells. These proteins facilitate the transport of specific substances by binding to them and undergoing conformational changes that enable the substances to cross the membrane.
TRANSPORT PROTEINS
refers to MOVEMENT of SUBSTANCES from e region of HIGHER CONCENTRATION to an area of LOWER CONCENTRATION across a bilogical membrane
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
ENTAILS the MOVEMENT of SUBSTANCES (EXPANDIBG ENERGY) from a region of LOWER CONCENTRATION to a region of HIGHER CONCENTRATION
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
it is a type of protein that is ESSENTIAL for various CELL ACTIVITIES inluding GENE EXPANSION, ENZYME ACTIVITY and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
REGULATING PROTEINS
is a type of protein that is RESPONSIBLE for MANY CELLULAR PROCESSES including MUSCLE CONTRACTION and CELL MOTILITY
ACTIN FILAMENTS
it is a type of protein that refers in AIDS in DEFENDING against VIRUSES, DISEASES, and EXTERNAL STRESSORS
PROTECTIVE PROTEINS
Which is not true about proteins?
Insulin is an example of a protein enzyme.
it refers to the BUILDING BLOCKS of PROTEINS
Amino acids
it is a FIBOROUS PROTEINS FOUND in SKIN, HAIR, NAILS and other structure like FEATHERS and HORNS. It provides STRENGTH, resilience, and PROTECTION to these tissues. _______ molecules are MADE up of LONG CHAINS of amino acids,
Keratin
Which is NOT an INORGANIC MOLECULE?
Proteins
What is the CENTRAL ATOM of an AMINO ACID?
C (carbon)
it refers to PRINCIPAL PROTEIN COMPONENT of HAIR and SKIN
Keratin
it refers to to the MOST ABUNDANT PROTEIN in the body
Collagen
Refers to CARBOHYDRATES, GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE and GALACTOSE which have the SAME MOLECULAR FORMULAS but DIFFER in STRUCTURAL FORMULAS
Isomers
A COMPONENT of BLOOD used to TRANSPORT OXYGEN
Hemoglobin
What makes an AMINO ACID DIFFERENT from OTHER AMINO ACID?
R group