CHAPTER 4: MELANIE KLEIN OBJECT RELATION THEORY
When Melanie Klein was born?
March 30, 1882
the woman who DEVELOPED a THEORY that EMPHASIZED
the NURTURING and LOVING RELATIONSHIP between PARENT and CHILD
MELANIE KLEIN
who is the first born child of Malanie Klein?
Melitta
He was a BITTER RIVAL of Melanie Klein
Edward Glover
OBSERVATIONS of YOUNG CHILREN, STRESSED at 4 to 6 MONTHS. (more specific than Freud's "childhood" first 4–6 YEARSof life,). INFANTS'S DRIVES are DIRECTED toward an OBJECT
Object Relations Theory
According to Klein, the child’s RELATION to the BREAST is FUNDAMENTAL and SERVES as a PROTOTYPE for later relations to whole objects, such as mother and father. The very early tendency of infants to RELATE to PARTIAL OBJECTS gives their EXPERIENCES an UNREALISTIC or FANTASY-like QUALITY that AFFECTS all LATER INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS.
Object Relations Theory
She believed that children’s SENSE of IDENTITY rests on a THREE-STEP RELATIONSHIP with their MOTHER. (1), INFANTS have BASIC NEEDS CARED for by their mother; (2), they DEVELOP a SAFE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP with an ALL-POWERFUL MOTHER; and (3), they EMERGE from their MOTHER'S PROTECTIVE circle and ESTABLISH their SEPERATE INDIVIDUALITY
Margaret Mahler
He investigated INFANTS' ATTACHMENT to their MOTHER and the NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES of SEPERATION, focusing on SEPERATION ANXIETY, TEMPERAMENT, and the impact of attachment on child development.
John Bowlby
ATTACHMENT refers to the emotional bond and style of CONNECTION that infants DEVELOP TOWARD their primary CAREGIVER. Researchers, including _____ _______ and her colleagues, developed a technique called the STRANGE SITUATION procedure to measure the type of attachment style an infant develops toward their caregiver.
Mary Ainsworth
(FOMATION of the SELF)—SENSE of SELF when TREATED as if having an INDIVIDUALIZED IDENTITY. He theorized that children DEVELOP a SENSE of SELF during EARLY INFANCY when parents and others TREAT them as if they had an INDIVIDUALIZED SENSE of IDENTITY.
Heinz Kohut
INHERITED PREDISPOSITION to REDUCE ANXIETY as a CONSEQUENCE of the CONFLICT between the LIFE and DEATH INSTINCT
PSYCHIC LIFE OF THE INFANT
Who is the brother of Melitta or the SECOND BORN?
Hans
Who is the sister of Melitta or the YOUNGEST CHILD
Erich
In Freudian terms, the ______ of the DRIVE is
any person, PART of a PERSON, or THING through which the AIM is SATISFIED.
object
One of Klein’s basic assumptions is that the INFANT, even at birth, POSSESSES an ACTIVE PHANTASY LIFE. These phantasies are PSYCHIC REPRESENTATIONS of UNCONSCIOUS ID INSTINCTS; they should not be confused with the conscious fantasies of older children and adults.
Phantasies
Klein would say that
infants who fall ASLEEP while SUCKING on their FINGERS are PHANTASIZING about HAVING their MOTHER'S GOOD breast inside themselves. Similarly, HUNGRY infants who CRY and KICK their LEGS are PHANTASIZING that they are KICKING or DESTROYING the BAD breast.
BOTH STATEMENTS ARE TRUE
Klein (1946) saw human infants as constantly ENGAGING in a basic CONFLICT between the LIFE instinct and the DEATH instinct, that is, between good and bad, love and hate, creativity and destruction. As the EGO moves TOWARD
INTEGRATION and AWAY from DISINTEGRATION, INFANTS naturally prefer GRATIFYING SENSATIONS over frustrating ones.
Positions
Klein chose the term “________” rather than “STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT” to indicate that POSITIONS ALTERNATE BACK and FORTH; they are not periods of time or phases of development through which a person passes. we have to FOLLOW the SPAN of AGE
position
To CONTROL the GOOD BREAST and to FIGHT off its PERSECUTORS, the infant ADOPTS what Klein (1946) called the _______________ _________, a way of ORGANIZING EXPERIENCES that INCLUDES both PARANOID feelings of being PERSECUTED and a SPLITTING of INTERNAL and EXTERNAL objects into the good and the bad.
paranoid-schizoid position
During the EARLIEST months of life, an infant COMES into CONTACT with BOTH the GOOD breast and the BAD breast. These alternating experiences of gratification and frustration THREATEN the very EXISTENCE of the infant’s VULNERABLE EGO
Paranoid-Schizoid Position
BEGINNING at about the 5th or 6th MONTH, an infant BEGINS to VIEW EXTERNAL OBJECTS as WHOLE and to SEE that GOOD and BAD can exist in the same person. At that time, the infant DEVELOPS a MORE REALISTIC picture of the MOTHER and RECOGNIZES that she is an INDEPENDENT person who can be
both good and bad.
Depressive Position
ANXIETY of LOSING a LOVED OBJECT, GUILT for WANTING to DESTROY. The EGO MATURES to TOLERATE OWN DESTRUCTIVE feelings than projecting
DEPRESSIVE POSITION
DESIRE to PROTECT the MOTHER from being LOST, but EGO REALIZES that this is BEYOND ONE'S CAPACITY. the END GOAL of this is was tO EXPERIENCE LOVE from mother, DISPLAY LOVE for her
DEPRESSIVE POSITION
In depressive position this is the REAPROACH (DISAPPROVAL) for DESTRUCTIVE urges
Reparation
In depressive position the ________ that the mother is WHOLE and ENDANGERED—BENEFICIAL in FUTURE RELATIONS
Empathy
In depressive position, it refers to FANTASIZE that REPARATION was DONE, and that MOTHER will RETURN after each DEPARTURE—CLOSING the GOOD/BAD MOTHER SPLIT
Resolved
In depressive positions it refers to LACK of TRUST, MORBID MOURNING of LOSS of a LOVED ONE, other psychic disorders
Incomplete resolution
PROTECT EGO against ANXIETY BROUGHT about by OWN DESTRUCTIVE FANTASIES ORIGINATING from ORAL-SADISTIC ANXIETIES of the BREAST.
PSYCHIC DEFENSE MECHANISM
who is the FATHER of ORT or OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY?
SIGMUND FREUD
who is the MOTHER of ORT or OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY?
MELANIE KLEIN
FEARING the EXTERNAL OBJECT instead of the original internal death instinct. We must be AFRAID on the EXTERNAL OBJECT that we have
PERSECUTORY BREAST
FANTASIES of taking INSIDE the body those PERCEPTIONS and EXPERIENCES with the EXTERNAL OBJECT. Begins with FIRST FEEDING—FIRST attempt to INCORPORATE. Usually INTROJECTS GOOD objects—PROTECTION against ANXIETY
INTROJECTION
TAKING in BAD objects—to GAIN control, becoming internal persecutors that can terrify the infant and be left over as frightening residue expressed in dreams and preference for morbid fairy tales). it involves INTERNALIZING EXTERNAL objects or qualities, typically in an ATTEMPT to GAIN CONTROL over them.
EXAMPLE: you unvalue others to feel superior
INTROJECTION
Fantasy that ONE'S own FEELINGS and impulses RESIDE in ANOTHER person and NOT INSIDE one's body. ALLEVIATE the ANXIETY of being DESTROYED by dangerous INTERNAL FORCES
PROJECTION
we do NOT WANT to see ourselves that's why we PUT it to OTHERS. GOOD impulses PROJECTED—that the OBJECT EXPRESSES POSITIVE SENTIMENT to them. Believe that their own SUBJECTIVE OPINIONS are TRUE
PROJECTION
LOVE, COMFORT, GRATIFICATION (keep this INSIDE to PROTECT AGAINST PERSECUTION)
IDEAL BREAST
keeping APART INCOMPATIBLE impulses, to MANAGE the GOOD and BAD aspects of themselves/EXTERNAL OBJECTS. the EGO itself must SPLIT—the GOOD and BAD SIDES of the SELF.. We are trying to DIVIDE the POSITIVE and NEGATIVE and we are trying to MAKE a JUDGEMENT whether is GOOD or BAD
SPLITTING
NOT EXTREME and RIGID—POSITIVE and USEFUL , to SEE both positive and negative ASPECTS of ONE SELF, evaluate behavior, differentiate between acquaintances. EXCESSIVE, INFLEXIBLE—PATHOLOGICAL, that the BAD behaviors are NOT INTROJECTED into the "GOODME" and are PATHOLOGICALLY REPRESSED.
SPLITTING
Split off UNACCEPTABLE PARTS of the self, PROJECT onto ANOTHER object, INROJECT again in a changed/DISTORTED form. Thus, GAINING control and ABLE to IDENTIFY.
POWERFUL INFLUENCE on adult interpersonal relations, as it only exists in such world
PROJECTIVE IDENTIFICATION
This is an EXXTENSION of PROJECTION where one not only projects their own feelings onto others but also MANIPULATES them TO ACT in ways consistent with those projections.
EXAMPLE: you project and introjecting someone to other for that person to act up (sinabihan ka ng kaklase mo na mababa ang score mo at need mopa mag-aral)
PROJECTIVE IDENTIFICATION
this is the SENSE of SELF. Unlike FREUD, the ID-DOMINATED child with the EGO having PSYHIC FUNCTIONS ONLY by 3-4 yrs. IGNORED the ID, FOCUSED on EGO'S ABILITY to SENSE GOOD/BAD and USE DEFENSE MECHANISMS to MANAGE CONFLICT
EGO
UNORGANIZED at birth, yet can FEEL ANXIETY and CAPABLE of PSYCHIC functions. The breast (FIRST object relation) becomes PROTOTYPE for EGO'S FUTURE DEVELOPMENT, later INTRAPERSONAL relations— BAROMETER for all experiences. Beings to DEVELOP based on experiences with FEEDING
EGO
milk, love, security
Good breast
ABSENT, does NOT NOURISH or protect
Bad breast
Different from FREUD'S notions Emerges much EARLIER in life according to KLEIN it has a much MORE HARSH and CRUEL. ANXIETY produced is out of PROPORTION of ACTUAL DANGERS. Due to own destructive instinct, which the EGObattles by MOBILIZING the LIBIDO or (LIFE)—DEFENDING itself against its OWN actions
SUPEREGO
___________'s EXTREME violence is a REACTION to the EGO'S AGGRESSIVE SELF- DEFENSE against OWN destructive tendencies—RESPONSIBLE for ANTISOCIAL, criminal tendencies. By 5-6 yrs., NO longer anxiety but GUILT.
SUPEREGO
LOST SEVERITY, TRANSFORMED into REALISTIC CONSCIENCE . GROWS along with the OEDIPUS COMPLEX, and EMERGES as REALISTIC GUILT after the latter
SUPEREGO
BEGINS during the EARLIEST months of life (not 4-5 yrs., by Freud), OVERLAPS with the ORAL and ANAL, PEAKS at the GENITAL stage at 3-4 (AVOIDING the MALE PHYSIOLOGY of "PHALLIC"). FEAR of RETALIATION from their parent for their FANTASY of EMPTYING the PARENT'S body
OEDIPUS COMPLEX
OC serves the SAME need for BOTH genders—establish POSITIVE attitude for GOOD/GRATIFYING object, AVOID BAD/TERRIFYING object (BREAST or PENIS). Child can then direct LOVE ALTERNATELY or SIMULTANEOUSLY toward each parent—HOMOSEXUAL or HETEROSEXUAL. Girls and boys come to experience OC differently
OEDIPUS COMPLEX
Initially, SEE mother's BREAST as good or bad, then more positive than negative, and see mother as FULL of GOOD THINGS. IMAGINE how babies are MADE, FANTASIZING that the father's PENIS FEEDS the MOTHER with babies
FEMALE OEDIPAL DEVELOPMENT
See the PENIS as GIVER of children, then DEVELOP a POSITIVE relation to it—FANTASIZE that FATHER will FEED her with babies
SUCCESSFULLY, develops "FEMININE" position
Penis envy STEMS from DESIRE to INTROJECT the father's PENIS and to receive babies from him.
FEMALE OEDIPAL DEVELOPMENT
- See mother's breast as good and bad. Feminine position: SHIFT some of ORAL DESIRES from mother's BREAST to father's PENIS—passive HOMOSEXUALattitudes
- Then MOVES to HETEROSEXUAL relationship with MOTHER, but previous HOMOSEXUAL feeling for FATHER PREVENTS FEAR of CASTRATION
MALE OEDIPAL DEVELOPMENT