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Intro to Psych

From the lateral/ medial view - where is the inferior located

Foot

A valley in the cortical surface is called

Sulcus

A ridge like elevation on the cortical surface is called

Gyrus

Where is the dorsal located on the cerebral cortex

Top

Where is the ventral located on the cerebral cortex

Belly side

From the lateral/ medial view - where is the superior located

Towards top

From the dorsal/ ventral view - where is the medial located

Towards the middle

From the dorsal/ ventral view - where is the lateral located

Towards side

From the dorsal/ ventral view - where is the anterior located

Towards front

From the dorsal/ ventral view - where is the proterior located

Towards back

What part of the brain is responsible for motor control: decision making

frontal cortex/ frontal lobe/ cerebrum

What part of the brain is responsible for perception to action, attention and spatial understanding

Parietal lobe

What part of the brain is responsible for visual perception

Occipital lobe

What part of the brain is responsible for automatic actions (e.g. walking), learning motor skills and correcting actions

Cerebellum

What part of the brain is responsible for hearing, language, object recognition and memory for things

Temporal lobe

What condition causes a loss of one side of your vision due to stroke i.e. people may only eat one side of their plate and what part of the brain has this been affected by

Hemianopia - visual coretx/ Parietal lobe/ occipital lobe

What condition has the inability to remember faces and what part of the rbain has this been affected by

Prosopagnosia - temporal lobe

What condition has a reduced awareness of stimuli on one side of space even though no sensory may be loss and what part of the brain has this been affected by

Hemispatial neglect syndrome - Parietal lobe

What condition is coherent of what they're saying and understands meaning of questions but has great difficulty in production

What condition can move limbs but has lost voluntary control over them and what part of the brain has this been affected by

Alien hand syndrome - frontal cortex/ frontal lobe/ cerebrum

What illusion has taught us the the familiar shape of an object can overrule weak binocular cues

What illusion taught us that percieved size depends on perceived distance and size of nearby objects i.e. the moon looks bigger enar the horizon, but its size has not changed

The moon illusion

What illusion has taught us that colour depends on perceived lighting, shape ad shadow

Lotto's cubes

What illusion taught us that perception i.e. colours are indiciated and come from comparing activity in different types of cones (i.e. neurons) - L cone, M cone, S cone - as wavelengths

Van Lier's Stars

What illusion has taught us that face perception is based on comparison - this means with what you've seen before

the thatcher illusion

What condition has a very fluent speech production but is meaningless due to poor responding

Wernicke's aphasia - temporal lobe

What is evolution best conceptualised as

A tree - animals are twigs - ancestral species are branches

What factors are needed to natural selection to change population of animals over several generations

Variation and competition

What is the number of synaptic connections in your brain

quadrillion

They inhibit information which is sent further until a threshold is reached and send a pulse to the synapse

neuron

Enhances neurotransmission

Agonist

Reduces neurotransmission

Antagonist

A drug that INHIBITS neurotransmitter REUPTAKE is

agonist

What drug is a block reuptake of 5-HT/ serotnin e.g. Prozac

Anti-depressants

What drug is a GAMA agonsist which has a non-specific effect that acts on many bodily tissues

Alcohol

What drug activates a class of acetyl choline receptors and activates sympathetic nervous system

Nicotine

What chemical is an excitatory, sensory input/ motor output

Glutamate

What chemical is inhibitory which is reduced in epilepsy and is affected by many things including alcohol

GABA

What chemical is modulatory and feels like a pleasure/ reward

Dopamine

What chemical is modulatory and gives a feeling of general weel being (anti-depressants)

Serotnin

What chemical is a body brain communication, a flight/ fight response

Adrenalin/ nor-adrenalin

What condition has an intact IQ, profound anterograde amnesia, disorentation in time and a preserved implicit memory. procedural leanring

Organic amnestic syndrome

What condition has patients unaware to notice infromation contrlateral to the injury (meaning that something has happened to the left side of the brain usually), where one side of the brain is blocked by a blood vessel meaning oxygenated blood doesn't reach the other side i.e. they might only draw on one side of a clock/ copy half of a flower

Unilateral neglect syndrome

What condition has a profound loss of word meanings/ inability to recognise objects and has a selective loss of semantic knowledge - and example of this was the DM (surgeon) who couldn't remember the names of his surgical intrsuments

Semantic dementia

What case: English musician, 1985 had a brain infection due to herpes simplex encephalitis which destroyed his frontal lobes where his memory only lasted for a few seconds, he could remember to play the piano as if remembering how to ride a bike

Clive wearing

What are the three levels of analysis

Feelings, thoughts and attitudes

Who's theory of personality types is linked to face/ body shapes

Kretschmer

What did Kretchmer conclude about body types being linked to personality types

Those of bigger weight - friendly, predisposed towards manic depression and extroverted
Those of lighter weight - timid, have synptoms of schizophrenia and introverted

Who's theory (of intelligence) included the 2 factor theory in 1926, the G factor - general/ common to all tests and teh S factor - specific to type of test and use of analogy problems in intelligence testing

Spearman

Who's theory (of intelligence) was the 7 factors of intelligence - verbal comprehension, verbal fluency, numerical ability, spatial visulisation, memory, reasoning, perceptual speed

Thurstone

Who used factor analysis to compress Allport's word list and did the following: took Allport's word list, collected loads of data from 1000 subjects and factor analysed 16 personality factors
3 factors were put forth where everyone by the 70s, was foudn to have fallen somewhere inbetween teh categories which were extraversion - introversion, neuroticism - emotionally stable, psychoticism - self control

Cattell and Eysneck

Whos theory of intelligence took 18,000 words in the disctionary that describes aspects of personality where there were 4,000 words for stable personality traits suggesting that there were 4,000 traits overall

Allport

Who's theory of intelligece was a further analysis of Thurstone's data and included two major factors which were Gf - fluid intelligence (ability to learn and navigate new situations) and Gc - crystallised intelligence (accumulated knowledge you can recall as needed)

Horn and Cattell

Who's theory of intelligence had three parts and was called the triarchic theory which the three aspects of intelligence included componential intelligence, experiential intelligence and contextual intelligence

Sternberg

Who's theory of intelligence was the multiple intelligence theory which argued that intelligence falls into 7 categories; linguistic intelligence, musical intelligence, logical/ mathematical intelligence, spatial intelligence, bodily/ kinesthetic intelligence and two types of personal intelligence

Gardner

Who's theory of intelligence refered to social and emotional components of interactiosn with others; the more socially sensitive and emotioanlly sensitive you were to the needs and behaviours of others, the more successful your interaction would be. the theory is called the emotional intelligence

Goleman

What test was used to measure intelligence, which was crreated by the Stanford-Binet scale

WAIS

When the WAIS schools in the USA were compared to Raven Matrices schools in Holland to show that people of the 20th century were increasing in intelligence, what was this effect called

The flynn effect

What disorder is known for a 'lack of appetite due to nervousness'

Anorexia

What disorder is known for being abel to 'eat and ox' due to nervousness (but would most likely force themselves to through up after)

Bulimia

What disorder comsumes substances of no significant nutritional value such as soil, soap or ice, has a normal BMI but leads to malnutrition, has lead poisoning causing Stomach problems and Iron deficiency etc

Pica in adults

What disorder reduces their food intake, has a fear of becomign fat, had no lack of appetite, an intense fear of obesity, has a high mortality rate (suicide) and has a preoccupation with food

Anorexia nervosa

What disorder has a loss of control of food intake, a fear of becoming fat, binges/ gorges, purges/ excersices and concerned with their body shape

Bulimia nervosa

What are the medical complications for anorexia

Cold touch/ bluish skin
Poor temperature

Low BP

Heart arrhythmia - hypokalemnia

Hair thinning

Downy hair growth on body

What are the medical complications for bulimia

Kidney damage
Heart arrhythmia - hypokalemnia

Throat and mouth damage

Dental damage - due to stmoach acids

Mouth ulcers

Swolen glands

Who stated that Anorexia nervosa have the lowest BMI and anorexic and bulimic individuals have an overestimate size of their bodies

Tovee et al, 2003

What could be the leading causes for AN and BN

Biological factors - genetic incidence (could run in the family)
Family influences - parental pressures/ comments on appearance

Sociocultural factors - peer and media influences/ media

Individuals drives - idealising thinness (barbie doll/ actresses)

What are the treatments for Anorexia

Family therapy
Cognitive behavioural therapy

No reliable medical intervention

Poor response to treatment - if worsened - forced feeding

What are the treatments for Bulimia

Medications - anti-depressants to decrease binge frequency
Cognitive behavioural therapy

For the biological/ medical model, what types of conditions do they cover, what treatments are appropriate for these and what are the pros and cons of this model

Conditions:
Depression, Schizophrenia, Substance abuse, Eating disorders, ADHD, OCD

Treatments:

Pharmacology - anti-psychotic drugs, anti-depressant drugs, anti-anxiety derugs, mood stabilisng drugs

Neurosrugery Deep brain stimulation

Therapy

Pros:

Heredity of conditions

Definite treatment routes - pharmacology

Cons:

Many disorders have no clear cause

few conditions 100% penetrant

For the Psychoanalytic viewpoint, what do they look at, what types of conditions do they cover, what treatments are appropriate for these and what are the pros and cons of this model

Looks at:
Developments of different aspects of persoanality

Unresolved childhood trauma - haunts adulthood

Locked in unconscious mind

Types of conditions:

Anxiety

Stress

Mood

Developmental disorders

Treatments:

Psychoanalysis/ therapy

Pros:

Idea of developmental issues

Latent effects in childhood showing predispositioned adulthood

Cons:

Does not consider current issues of patient e.g. adults

not scientifically grounded

For the behaviourist viewpoint, what do they look at, what types of conditions do they cover, what treatments are appropriate for these and what are the pros and cons of this model

Looks at:
Behaviour mainly determined by environment

Abnormal behaviour

failure to learn 'normal' adaptive behaviours

learning the 'wrong' behaviours

Types of conditions:

Phobias

gambling

addiction

types of treatments:

behavioural therapy

desensitisation

modelling

motivation/ rewarded behaviours

Pros:

highlights role of learning in behavioural expression

cons:

implies pure environemtnal aetiology

little evidence

For the cognitive model, what do they look at, what types of conditions do they cover, what treatments are appropriate for these and what are the pros and cons of this model

Looks at:
Information processes (e.g. memory, attention, thinking etc)

Internal reinforcement

Schemas

Types of conditions:

phobias

anxiety

depression

personality disorders

types of treatments:

cognitive-behavioural treatment

Pros:

Highlights mental processing

step up from behaviourism

distorted thoughts leads to illness

cons:

implies pure environmental aetiology

What is the aetiology of social phobia e.g. haemophobia

Evolutionary bias to fearful stimuli
Personality would affect development (if child is brought up around anxious parents, they would then develop the disorder)

Previous life experience

Could be due to genes - similarity in MZ twins for animal phobias

What are the treatments for social phobias e.g. haemophobia

Exposure therapy
Cognitive behaviour therapy

What disorder if a ''what if'' disorder - worried something terrible would happen with occurrence of unwanted and intrusive thoughts/ images, obsessive, repetitive behaviours or mental acts

OCD

which condition is used as a defence mechanism - occupy the mind to displace painful thoughts

OCD

What test was used to help OCD and schizophrenia

Wisconsin card sorting test

What disorder has positive symptoms of thought disorder, hallucinations, delusions and poor impulse control and negative symptoms of flattened emotions, poor speech, lack of initiative and social withdrawal

Schizophrenia

What is Bipolar I made of

Depression and Mania

What is Bipolar II made of

Depression and Hypomania

Cyclothymia is a subtype of what disorder

Bipolar disease

What percentage of people are affected at some point of their lives with Bipolar disease

25%

What class is a social phobia of

Anxiety disorder

What class does Dysthemia fall under

Depressive Disorders

What class does Mania fall under

Bipolar related disorders/ depressive disorders

What class do Anorexia and Bulimia fall under

Feeding and Eating disorder

What class does OCD fall under

Anxiety disorders

In the Mogg et al (2004) paper examining attentional bias to faces showing anger or happiness,
the results showed that

n comparison to controls, people with social phobia showed a greater bias to angry faces, and a
reduced bias to happy faces

The basic colour after-effect shows us that

colour vision depends on the ratio of cone activity

Visible light is visible while ultraviolet and infrared are not because

visible light is named after what the human eye can detect.

A task in which participants are presented with a list of words to learn, followed by a test in
which they were presented with the originals, plus new words and instructed to identify those

words that were on the list is known as

A free recall test

Nature vs Nurture - Biological factors, genes, proteins, neurotransmitters

Nature

Nature vs Nurture - Environemntal factors, learning experiences, parenting, childhoos trauma etc

Nurture

What did Alexander and Hines (2002) find out

Evolution plays a major role in choice as malemonkeys were more likely to play with male toys and female monkeys were more likely to pay with female toys

How many pairs of chromosomes do we have

22 + 2 for gender = 46 chromosomes in total

What symbols indicate a female chromosome and what do they look like

XX and two lines of smae length

What symbols indicate a mae chromosome and what do they look like

XY and two lines which one is less than half the length of another

What is the word - transmission of traits from parents to offspring (genes) evolution

Heredity

What is the word - the degree of variation in trait in a population that is the result of genetic variation between individuals (genetic variation)

Heritability

What is the word - a result of genetic variatio or environmental effects

Variation

What type of twins are two babies that are genetically identical and share 100% of their genetic material (genes made of DNA) and always same sex

Identical (Monozygotic) MZ

What type of twins are two babies that share half genetic material (same as any pair of siblings), can be of same sex or opposite

Fraternal (Dizygotic) DZ

What did Fraga et al (2005) conclude about twins

Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins

What are epigenetics

Additional genes in summary
involves alteration of DNA assocaited molecules but doesn't change underlying DNA sequence yet changes gene expression so genes are silenced, blocked. they can be inherited and are revesible

Where do epigenetics change in

Stress/ anxiety, cancer, addicition, schizophrenia

The ........... of an organism is the complete set of genes specifying how its PHENOTYPE will develop

genome

It's a region of DNA, unit of heredity, sequence of nucleotides, one can make one product (protein) via transcription and translation

Gene

What is the process of making a Protein

Straight line for the helix of DNA is seperated into 3 bases which are called the triplet code and those letters from the DNA are matched with other letters of mRNA (Transcription), then 3 letters come together to make a protein (translation) where protein becomes useable

Our phenotypes are formed by

our genotype and effect of our environment

OCD, PTSD, ADHD, Anxiety etc can be caused by what (biological terms)

Genetic mutation - unlucky combinations key alleles

These are the causes of which condition: preparedness hypothesis, temperament and personality, previous experience, conditioning, concordance in MZ twins

OCD

What kind of behaviour is: statistically frequent, positive bias to societ, socially normal, does not lead to personal distress or harmful dysfunction and is expected and appropriate

Normal behaviour

What kind of behaviour is statistically infrequent (rare), negative bias to society, socially deviant, leads to personal distress and harmful dysfunction and is unexpected and inappropriate

Abnormal behaviour

What is a mental health disorder

Clinically significant disturbance, significan distress, deviance or conflict results from dysfunction in the individual

How many DSM5 are there

300

Rosenhan 1973, 'on being sane in insance places': described what happened

12 pseudo-patients faked symptoms and were admitted to mental hospital, they acted normal on ward (this was not detected by staff but was detected by other patients), they were treated poorly and not listened too because they had been labelled as schizphrenic therefore anything they did/said was seen as a sign of their 'illness'

What can the wisconsin card sorting test identify

bipolar disease, schizophrenia and OCD

If an individual was asked to perform a stand up comedy routine and they refused, what disease would they most likely be suffering from

Social phobia

What do patients with clinical disagnosis do/ not do

Don't integrate with society well
show unexpected behvaiour

show some form of distress

What did the colour changing card trick show us

Not everything we see/hear enters our consciousness (e.g. looking at something isn't the same as noticing it) and that we can decide what to pay attention to (e.g. be selective on one 'message' and surpress another

Are people supposed to be slower/ quicker with an incongruent list

Slower

Are people supposed to be slower/ quicker with a congruent/ normal list

quicker

What intereferes us with our time and to the stimulus, where people make much more errors

Incongruency

What facilitates us where we make far less mistakes

Congruency

What effect measures selective attention

Stroop effect

What is the stroop effect

an experimental paradigm that allows us to study selective attention mechanisms e.g. through the colour word task, we need to concentrate and consciously suppress the meaning of the ink colour but we don't seem to be able to ignore the words when we're truing to focus on the colour

Why do we need selective attention

Broadbent - Brain has limited capacity for conscious processing thus would be overwhelmed thus, we don't waste limited resources processing irrelevant information and focus attention to enhance processing of relevant information

What are the processes that attention than be controlled by and what do they mean

Controlled processing:
involves mental effrto, limited and subject to distraction

Automatic processing:

happens independently of effort, causes distraction when incongruent with the focal task

What can the Posner cueing method investigate

Spatial attention

What does early selection do

puts limitations on processing

What does late selection do

puts limitations on responding

Explain dichotic listening

listeners can tell if unattended message is a voice or sound, male or female but cant report anything that was said or even it was in a foreign language e.g. later recall test, 'they thre stones at the side of the river' or 'they thre stones at the building society', answer you get depends on how you measured dependent variable

What is priming

a technique in which the introduction of one stimulus influence how people respond to a subsequent stimulus

What is negative priming

Inhibits (prevents) processing of target/ stimuli

What is positive priming

Enhances processing of target/ stimuli

If you hear your name being mentioned when you are not part of the conversation, what are you experiencing

The cocktail party effect

What 3 factors are needed to make a vowel

Height, Backness and roundedness

What 3 facots are needed to make a consonant

Voice, place and manner

The consonant sound of the words ''zip''/''sip'', ''bat''/''pat'', and ''dip''/''tip'' differ in terms of

voice

The consonant sound of the words ''pat''/''tat''/''cat'', ''bot''/''dot''/''got'' differ in terms of

Place

The consonant sound of the words ''nose''/''doze'' (nasal/stop), ''dip''/''zip'' (stop/ fricative) differ in terms of

Manner

If there is a delay between the start of a speech and the onset of the vibration of the voal cord, what are you experiencing

Voice onset time (VOT)

if what you hear changes based on the text you are looking at/ the mouth movement of the person you are looking at, you are experiencing

McGurk effect

How does speech develop (for infants generally)

Head turn, sucking and looking

What are semantic memories

knowledge about things in the world and their inter-relationships: words and meaning, objects, places, people - and 'encyclopaedic' knowledge of facts shared by members of a community e.g. 'snow is white', 'margaret thatcher the first female prime minister in UK'

What are semantic networks

Organising knowledge of what things are - defining attributes e.g. yellow - colour or food or banana, food or monkey etc

evidence for defining-attribute view

does a dog bark v does a dog reproduce, when asked to list defining attributes, people tend to start with ones on same level as 'probe' concept, speed of response depends on distance travelled to find information.

Problems with defining attributes

Certain attributes seem to be more salient i.e. 'stand out' than others, e.g. people mention pink as an attribute of salmon more often than it has fins as 'having fins' is further away in hierarchy

Explain the memory systems, adapted from Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968

Sensor y input - comes from our sensors, supposed to enter sensory register, transferred into short-term memory (where we store everything we can keep in mind instantly), transferred into a more durable long-term memory. Forgetting can happen any point during that cycle

What is an immediate, conscious system to store, process and manipulate information

Central executive

What task is used to test the central executive - what does it do

Dual task - multi-task, where you ask people to do two things at once where they have to divide their attention between those tasks

What does the phonological loop deal with

auditory information, so bend listening to someone, learn a telephone number, where they go over and over that information

How is the phonological loop tested

Digit span test - measure how auditory information we can hold in cronological loop

What factor of the central executive meaures how much visual information you can hold

visuospatial sketchpad

What task measures visuospatial sketchpad

spatial span task - grid on the computer and different locations are lit up and they would increase in number, measures what the largest amount someone can hold their spatial span - this helps increase memory production

What is an episodic buffer

transitional stage between short term and long term memory i.e. we park information for a little bit where it isn't in our conscious store anymore

What types of long-term memory are there

explicit memory - episodic/ semantic memory and implicit memory

Is this explicit or episodic memories: memorise we can verbalise

Explicit memory

Is this explicit or episodic memories: memory for specific events - own history and own autobiography

episodic memory

What type of memories are memories we haven't consciously activated information from

Long-term memories

What are implicit memories

Riding a bike - non-declarative

what are explicit episodic memory

specific events, associated with contextual detail, require reconstruction of event to find the memory e.g. memory of what you had for breakfast last tuesday

What are explicit semantic memory

facts, concepts, general knowledge e.g. snow is white, do dogs bark (answer based on experiencing dogs barking), do dogs produce milk (unlikely to answer based on specific experience)

what is a implicit procedural memory

unconscious, difficult to verbalise how we do them e.g. riding bikes, drivin, playing chess, problem solving, sudoku i.e. if we do things over and over again they become automatic and procedural

if your perception guides motor outputs which produces perception again, what are you experiencing

perceptual motor loop

true or false - we can learn information about a topic unaware of without having conscious knowledge about it already due to implicit learning

true

when people learn a list of words, what part of the list do they most likely recall and why

the words from the beginnig (primacy) - due to more rehearsal of first words
the words at the end (recency) - due to words still being in short-term memory

Why do we forget

insufficient encoding (not paying attention), levels of processing (deeply processed information is encoded in a shallow, superficial way), loos of information, effects of retreival information (recall test v recognition test, free versus vued recall test)

what is recall

retreival of information from the past

A task in which participants are presented with a list of words to learn, followed by a test in which they were presented with the originals, plus new words and instructed to identify those words that were on the list is known as

free recall test

A task in which participants are presented with a list of words to learn, followed by a test in which they are asked to remember those words with prompts e.g. if the word that needs to be remembered if feather, a cued prompt would be bird

cued recall test

what is recognition

identification of an item as encountered before (as old) amongst novel items (distractors)

what are the two stages of theory recall

1. search and retrieval, 2. validation and recognition

what can go wrong with memory

occurrence of false memories and recall of events/ information that did not happen

why should we study false memories

assess validity of eyewitness testimonies, find out about organisaition/ reconstructive nature of memory and understand clinical conditions/ brain injury

what did Mutler 1978 discover about recognition

that it's not always easier than recall e,g, recognition test - given list of famous names, recall test - cue plus first name
performance was better on the recall test than recognition test

who put forth the dual model of recognition and what was it

Mandler 1980, Jacoby 1991, familiarity - fast process of 'knowing' in the absence of contextual detail i.e. knowing someone but not sure where from thus can't remember names but go through scenarios of possibilities where they might know from
recollection - slower process that involves retrieval of contextual details - all the things we know about a person

Morris, Bransford and Franks 1977, on neither encoding nor retrieval:

Deep encoding task (''the .... had a silver engine'' - train?), shallow encoding task (''.... rhymes with legal'' - eagle?), recognition test - standard - was this word on the list? Train, Rhyming - was this work rhyming with one on the list? Regal

what are the three levels of analysis

thoughts, behaviour and feelings

Who claimed the scientific investigation of how the thoughts feelings and behaviours of individuals and influenced by the actual, imagined of implied presence of others - intra individual side

Allport

Who claimed the scientific study of the effects of social and cognitive processes on the way individuals percieve, influence and relate to others - inter individua

Smith and Mackie

Social processes; Bateson Nettle and Roberts 2006 explain study;

people went to coffee shop with optional things of being able to overpay, for different weeks, banners were alternated between pictures of flowers or eyes and it showed the difference in how much money was being given/ collected i.e. more money was given when the poster was of eyes- case of social psychological pressure triggering the brain that someone was watching them - thus have to pay but not factual way of thinking

who claimed that people constructu their won reality through cognitive processes (memories, perceptions, thoughts, emotions. motives) and socia processes (culture and socialisation). and social influence pervades all social life

Smith and Mackie

Who claimed that cyclists race faster when competing against others than when alome. Additionally children turned fishing reels faster when competing with another child than when alone

Triplett

The tendency to perform better in the presence of others than when alone

Social facilitation

The tendency to perform worse in the presence of others than when alone

Social inhibition

When can social facilitation occur

when task is simple, or behaviour is well-learned

when can social inhibition occur

when task is complex or behaviour is not well learned

What was conducted/ resulted from the Milgram studies 1963, 1974

60% of individuals still gave the lethal shock, explaining why guards at cc performed lethal activities even though recruited from normal public, showed high social/ societal responsibility and how society is prepared to do these types of things - very influential experiment

what is reffered to when saying it is how people attend to, percieve, sotre and respond to social information e.g. memory, concept formation, sensory and perceptual skills

social cognition

Frits Heider developed that concept of cognitive balance where we represent social information in particular social realtions - what was this

Troitts - symbols of 3 people, traingle with points A, B, C. If a '-' was presented between two people (i.e. two letters e.g. A and C) then it meant that they disliked each other, if there was 3 + around the traingle, all liked eachother, if there was 3 - around the traingle, it referred to three cliques

What was Asch;s configurational model

people do not form impressions in a piecemeal fashion - we make holistic judgements of another person. meaning of traits may depend on context or on different traits - some perceptual features have more influence than others. e.g. if someone is warm - they might be intelligent and skilfull whom is more likely to be labeled as being generous, happy and humorous

What was Kelly's 1950 study

group of students recieved a guest lecturere where half of them were told he was a warm individual and half were told he was a cold individual, a survey was filled out post lecturer where it was discovered that althought they all just attended the same lecture, there was a sginificant difference in evaluations

What are schemas

Mental framework that organises and synthesises information i.e. aids us in interpreting the word, gives us structure (examplar, prototype)

what is defined here: schemas about groups that are shared by different people i.e. characterise large number of people in small numbers, ignore within group variability and CAN BE WRONG and is related to prejudice and discrimination thus is an overemphasis of negative attributes

stereotypes

what is defined here: cognitive shortcuts, rule of thumb; reduces complex problems to manageable ones - Tversky and Kahneman

Heuristics

representativeness or availability heuristic - objects are assigned to categories that share similar attributes

representativeness

representativeness or availability heuristic - importance and frequency of events is guided by the ease with which it comes to mind

availability

conjunction error - name the problem - female has a career and is active for women's rights, is she a business woman or that a feminist

Linda Problem

Explain the Robbers Cave study 1954

Summer camp of boys (11-12 yo) and were seperated into 2 groups. after a few weeks of being apart, both groups started to become aggressive e.g. picnic was organised one day and it was sstuck in the mud so everybody had to coordinate together, subgroups came together and since they had a common aim, they overcame the hostility

what can exist within certain groups e.g. race, age, gender and is a thought that is created by people e.g. kindergarten girls are more likely to play with dolls

stereotypes

what did Blair et al 2004 find about analysing facial features of random black and white inmates who had been given equivalent sentences

took sample of 216 b and w inamtes and found that the harshness of sentences for the black sample was more significant i.e. those with stereotypical afro centric features were more likely to recieve harsher sentences than those of the lesser feaures

What term is described as having an affective response towards a group or its members where it is based on prejudgeent without the individual being known and is often negative i.e. it is a less favourable evaluative of attributes of other groups

prejudice

what term is described as being a negative behaviour towards individuals based on group membership i.e. refusing members of a group access to dseired resources e.g. not allowing black people to sit on public nuses and can be performed both blatantly e.g. not serving black individuals at restaurants and subtly e.g. sexist jokes

discrimination

what term is described as an expectation or belief that can influence your behaviors, thus causing the belief to come true i.e. has three elements to it - expectation, behaviour and reinforced stereotype

self fulfilling prophecy

Shih Pittinski and Ambady 1999 studied the stereotypes threat where stereotype 1 was women are bad at maths and stereotype 2 asian are good at maths. asian women were saked to perform a math test and before the test, either ethnicity or gender was cued, what were the results

Ethnicity cue - performance enhanced
Gender cue - performance deteriration

who performed the contact hypothesis theory claiming that bringing people from different ethnic groups together would decrease prejudice and discrimination

Allport

what were the conditions for intergorup contact according to allport in order to reduce discrimination and prejudice

personal interaction, equal status, cooperation towards common goals and supportive environment and social norms

what are the theories of intergroup relations

cognitive account: social categorization, motivational account: social identity theory and economic account: realistic conflict theory

What theory and who propsed covariation principle, consensus, consistency and distinctiveness

Kelly's coveriation theory

The process that involves percieving, interpreting, storing information about and responding to the social world are the subject of the study of social what

cognition

what is the mening of endogenous

voluntary attention direction i.e. attending not the same as looking at e.g. appearance/ disappearance of '5' too short to allow eye movement

what is the meaning of exogenous

reflecive automatic attention i.e. attention drawn due to an external stimulus e.g. flashing light or noise etc

what theory claims that part of our identity is derived from group memberships and that we compare our group with other groups e.g. relations between groups influence our self concepts and that we strive for a positive group image

social identity theory

can attributions be biased - example

actor-observer effect, fundamental attribution error occurs when we explain behaviour of others, but not of oursecles
- observers overestimates effect of dispositions

- actors overestimate effects of situation

orvis et al 1976, couples described cause of disagreements in relationships

- own behaviour: situational attributions

- partner's behaviour: dispositional attributions

what term is defined as 'anything we have thoughts about which are connected with affect e.g. we like certain friends/ hate certain films etc'

attitude

three components of what are these: an evaluation inferred from felings, beliefs and behaviours, not observable, but have to be inferred and are observed variable

attitudes

Whos study upon attitudes was this: White professor who travelled across USA with young Chinese couple
Back then there was an influence, thought of Chinese people were taking over manual labour

Stopped at 251 establishments (e.g. hotels, restaurants)

Recieved well in 250 - no problems

6 months later - mail questionnaire - will you accept members of Chinese race as guests in you establishments

128 replies - 92 % said no

LaPiere 1934

Whos study upon attitudes was this:
Kutner Wilkins and Yarrow 1952Two white women and one black woman visited 11 restaurants

Admitted and served in each restaurant

ater asked each restaurant whether they would accept a table reservation for a group including a black person

6 said no, 5 said yes

Difference of sayings and doings

Kutner et al 1952

what theory claimed that attitude to behaviour + subjective norm = behavioural intention = behaviour

Theory of reasoned action

what did Ajzen add to the theory of planned behaviour

percieved behavioural control

what theory was proposed by Festinger and concerns the relationships between cognitions

cognitive dissonance theory

when are we likely to experience cognitive dissonance theory

whenever we become aware of an inconsistency e.g. dissonant relationship, between two or more cognitions

what is a key way to reduce dissonance

bringing one's attitudes into line with one's actions

in Festinger and Carlsmith, did those of 1 dollar group cogntivie dissonance have a more favourable evaluation of the tasks - if so why

yes, because they told themselves a lie so they didn't do it mothing

what is and what are the two routes within the Elaboration likelihood model

ELM is an example of dual process theory of attitude change and has a distinction between a 'central route' and a 'peripheral route'

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