Intro to Psych
From the lateral/ medial view - where is the inferior located
Foot
A valley in the cortical surface is called
Sulcus
A ridge like elevation on the cortical surface is called
Gyrus
Where is the dorsal located on the cerebral cortex
Top
Where is the ventral located on the cerebral cortex
Belly side
From the lateral/ medial view - where is the superior located
Towards top
From the dorsal/ ventral view - where is the medial located
Towards the middle
From the dorsal/ ventral view - where is the lateral located
Towards side
From the dorsal/ ventral view - where is the anterior located
Towards front
From the dorsal/ ventral view - where is the proterior located
Towards back
What part of the brain is responsible for motor control: decision making
frontal cortex/ frontal lobe/ cerebrum
What part of the brain is responsible for perception to action, attention and spatial understanding
Parietal lobe
What part of the brain is responsible for visual perception
Occipital lobe
What part of the brain is responsible for automatic actions (e.g. walking), learning motor skills and correcting actions
Cerebellum
What part of the brain is responsible for hearing, language, object recognition and memory for things
Temporal lobe
What condition causes a loss of one side of your vision due to stroke i.e. people may only eat one side of their plate and what part of the brain has this been affected by
Hemianopia - visual coretx/ Parietal lobe/ occipital lobe
What condition has the inability to remember faces and what part of the rbain has this been affected by
Prosopagnosia - temporal lobe
What condition has a reduced awareness of stimuli on one side of space even though no sensory may be loss and what part of the brain has this been affected by
Hemispatial neglect syndrome - Parietal lobe
What condition is coherent of what they're saying and understands meaning of questions but has great difficulty in production
Broca's aphasia - temporal lobe
What condition can move limbs but has lost voluntary control over them and what part of the brain has this been affected by
Alien hand syndrome - frontal cortex/ frontal lobe/ cerebrum
What illusion has taught us the the familiar shape of an object can overrule weak binocular cues
The ames window illusion
What illusion taught us that percieved size depends on perceived distance and size of nearby objects i.e. the moon looks bigger enar the horizon, but its size has not changed
The moon illusion
What illusion has taught us that colour depends on perceived lighting, shape ad shadow
Lotto's cubes
What illusion taught us that perception i.e. colours are indiciated and come from comparing activity in different types of cones (i.e. neurons) - L cone, M cone, S cone - as wavelengths
Van Lier's Stars
What illusion has taught us that face perception is based on comparison - this means with what you've seen before
the thatcher illusion
What condition has a very fluent speech production but is meaningless due to poor responding
Wernicke's aphasia - temporal lobe
What is evolution best conceptualised as
A tree - animals are twigs - ancestral species are branches
What factors are needed to natural selection to change population of animals over several generations
Variation and competition
What is the number of synaptic connections in your brain
quadrillion
They inhibit information which is sent further until a threshold is reached and send a pulse to the synapse
neuron
Enhances neurotransmission
Agonist
Reduces neurotransmission
Antagonist
A drug that INHIBITS neurotransmitter REUPTAKE is
agonist
What drug is a block reuptake of 5-HT/ serotnin e.g. Prozac
Anti-depressants
What drug is a GAMA agonsist which has a non-specific effect that acts on many bodily tissues
Alcohol
What drug activates a class of acetyl choline receptors and activates sympathetic nervous system
Nicotine
What chemical is an excitatory, sensory input/ motor output
Glutamate
What chemical is inhibitory which is reduced in epilepsy and is affected by many things including alcohol
GABA
What chemical is modulatory and feels like a pleasure/ reward
Dopamine
What chemical is modulatory and gives a feeling of general weel being (anti-depressants)
Serotnin
What chemical is a body brain communication, a flight/ fight response
Adrenalin/ nor-adrenalin
What condition has an intact IQ, profound anterograde amnesia, disorentation in time and a preserved implicit memory. procedural leanring
Organic amnestic syndrome
What condition has patients unaware to notice infromation contrlateral to the injury (meaning that something has happened to the left side of the brain usually), where one side of the brain is blocked by a blood vessel meaning oxygenated blood doesn't reach the other side i.e. they might only draw on one side of a clock/ copy half of a flower
Unilateral neglect syndrome
What condition has a profound loss of word meanings/ inability to recognise objects and has a selective loss of semantic knowledge - and example of this was the DM (surgeon) who couldn't remember the names of his surgical intrsuments
Semantic dementia
What case: English musician, 1985 had a brain infection due to herpes simplex encephalitis which destroyed his frontal lobes where his memory only lasted for a few seconds, he could remember to play the piano as if remembering how to ride a bike
Clive wearing
What are the three levels of analysis
Feelings, thoughts and attitudes
Who's theory of personality types is linked to face/ body shapes
Kretschmer
What did Kretchmer conclude about body types being linked to personality types
Those of bigger weight - friendly, predisposed towards manic depression and extroverted
Those of lighter weight - timid, have synptoms of schizophrenia and introverted
Who's theory (of intelligence) included the 2 factor theory in 1926, the G factor - general/ common to all tests and teh S factor - specific to type of test and use of analogy problems in intelligence testing
Spearman
Who's theory (of intelligence) was the 7 factors of intelligence - verbal comprehension, verbal fluency, numerical ability, spatial visulisation, memory, reasoning, perceptual speed
Thurstone
Who used factor analysis to compress Allport's word list and did the following: took Allport's word list, collected loads of data from 1000 subjects and factor analysed 16 personality factors
3 factors were put forth where everyone by the 70s, was foudn to have fallen somewhere inbetween teh categories which were extraversion - introversion, neuroticism - emotionally stable, psychoticism - self control
Cattell and Eysneck
Whos theory of intelligence took 18,000 words in the disctionary that describes aspects of personality where there were 4,000 words for stable personality traits suggesting that there were 4,000 traits overall
Allport
Who's theory of intelligece was a further analysis of Thurstone's data and included two major factors which were Gf - fluid intelligence (ability to learn and navigate new situations) and Gc - crystallised intelligence (accumulated knowledge you can recall as needed)
Horn and Cattell
Who's theory of intelligence had three parts and was called the triarchic theory which the three aspects of intelligence included componential intelligence, experiential intelligence and contextual intelligence
Sternberg
Who's theory of intelligence was the multiple intelligence theory which argued that intelligence falls into 7 categories; linguistic intelligence, musical intelligence, logical/ mathematical intelligence, spatial intelligence, bodily/ kinesthetic intelligence and two types of personal intelligence
Gardner
Who's theory of intelligence refered to social and emotional components of interactiosn with others; the more socially sensitive and emotioanlly sensitive you were to the needs and behaviours of others, the more successful your interaction would be. the theory is called the emotional intelligence
Goleman
What test was used to measure intelligence, which was crreated by the Stanford-Binet scale
WAIS
When the WAIS schools in the USA were compared to Raven Matrices schools in Holland to show that people of the 20th century were increasing in intelligence, what was this effect called
The flynn effect
What disorder is known for a 'lack of appetite due to nervousness'
Anorexia
What disorder is known for being abel to 'eat and ox' due to nervousness (but would most likely force themselves to through up after)
Bulimia
What disorder comsumes substances of no significant nutritional value such as soil, soap or ice, has a normal BMI but leads to malnutrition, has lead poisoning causing Stomach problems and Iron deficiency etc
Pica in adults
What disorder reduces their food intake, has a fear of becomign fat, had no lack of appetite, an intense fear of obesity, has a high mortality rate (suicide) and has a preoccupation with food
Anorexia nervosa
What disorder has a loss of control of food intake, a fear of becoming fat, binges/ gorges, purges/ excersices and concerned with their body shape
Bulimia nervosa
What are the medical complications for anorexia
Cold touch/ bluish skin
Poor temperature
Low BP
Heart arrhythmia - hypokalemnia
Hair thinning
Downy hair growth on body
What are the medical complications for bulimia
Kidney damage
Heart arrhythmia - hypokalemnia
Throat and mouth damage
Dental damage - due to stmoach acids
Mouth ulcers
Swolen glands
Who stated that Anorexia nervosa have the lowest BMI and anorexic and bulimic individuals have an overestimate size of their bodies
Tovee et al, 2003
What could be the leading causes for AN and BN
Biological factors - genetic incidence (could run in the family)
Family influences - parental pressures/ comments on appearance
Sociocultural factors - peer and media influences/ media
Individuals drives - idealising thinness (barbie doll/ actresses)
What are the treatments for Anorexia
Family therapy
Cognitive behavioural therapy
No reliable medical intervention
Poor response to treatment - if worsened - forced feeding
What are the treatments for Bulimia
Medications - anti-depressants to decrease binge frequency
Cognitive behavioural therapy
For the biological/ medical model, what types of conditions do they cover, what treatments are appropriate for these and what are the pros and cons of this model
Conditions:
Depression, Schizophrenia, Substance abuse, Eating disorders, ADHD, OCD
Treatments:
Pharmacology - anti-psychotic drugs, anti-depressant drugs, anti-anxiety derugs, mood stabilisng drugs
Neurosrugery Deep brain stimulation
Therapy
Pros:
Heredity of conditions
Definite treatment routes - pharmacology
Cons:
Many disorders have no clear cause
few conditions 100% penetrant
For the Psychoanalytic viewpoint, what do they look at, what types of conditions do they cover, what treatments are appropriate for these and what are the pros and cons of this model
Looks at:
Developments of different aspects of persoanality
Unresolved childhood trauma - haunts adulthood
Locked in unconscious mind
Types of conditions:
Anxiety
Stress
Mood
Developmental disorders
Treatments:
Psychoanalysis/ therapy
Pros:
Idea of developmental issues
Latent effects in childhood showing predispositioned adulthood
Cons:
Does not consider current issues of patient e.g. adults
not scientifically grounded
For the behaviourist viewpoint, what do they look at, what types of conditions do they cover, what treatments are appropriate for these and what are the pros and cons of this model
Looks at:
Behaviour mainly determined by environment
Abnormal behaviour
failure to learn 'normal' adaptive behaviours
learning the 'wrong' behaviours
Types of conditions:
Phobias
gambling
addiction
types of treatments:
behavioural therapy
desensitisation
modelling
motivation/ rewarded behaviours
Pros:
highlights role of learning in behavioural expression
cons:
implies pure environemtnal aetiology
little evidence
For the cognitive model, what do they look at, what types of conditions do they cover, what treatments are appropriate for these and what are the pros and cons of this model
Looks at:
Information processes (e.g. memory, attention, thinking etc)
Internal reinforcement
Schemas
Types of conditions:
phobias
anxiety
depression
personality disorders
types of treatments:
cognitive-behavioural treatment
Pros:
Highlights mental processing
step up from behaviourism
distorted thoughts leads to illness
cons:
implies pure environmental aetiology
What is the aetiology of social phobia e.g. haemophobia
Evolutionary bias to fearful stimuli
Personality would affect development (if child is brought up around anxious parents, they would then develop the disorder)
Previous life experience
Could be due to genes - similarity in MZ twins for animal phobias
What are the treatments for social phobias e.g. haemophobia
Exposure therapy
Cognitive behaviour therapy
What disorder if a ''what if'' disorder - worried something terrible would happen with occurrence of unwanted and intrusive thoughts/ images, obsessive, repetitive behaviours or mental acts
OCD
which condition is used as a defence mechanism - occupy the mind to displace painful thoughts
OCD
What test was used to help OCD and schizophrenia
Wisconsin card sorting test
What disorder has positive symptoms of thought disorder, hallucinations, delusions and poor impulse control and negative symptoms of flattened emotions, poor speech, lack of initiative and social withdrawal
Schizophrenia
What is Bipolar I made of
Depression and Mania
What is Bipolar II made of
Depression and Hypomania
Cyclothymia is a subtype of what disorder
Bipolar disease
What percentage of people are affected at some point of their lives with Bipolar disease
25%
What class is a social phobia of
Anxiety disorder
What class does Dysthemia fall under
Depressive Disorders
What class does Mania fall under
Bipolar related disorders/ depressive disorders
What class do Anorexia and Bulimia fall under
Feeding and Eating disorder
What class does OCD fall under
Anxiety disorders
In the Mogg et al (2004) paper examining attentional bias to faces showing anger or happiness,
the results showed that
n comparison to controls, people with social phobia showed a greater bias to angry faces, and a
reduced bias to happy faces
The basic colour after-effect shows us that
colour vision depends on the ratio of cone activity
Visible light is visible while ultraviolet and infrared are not because
visible light is named after what the human eye can detect.
A task in which participants are presented with a list of words to learn, followed by a test in
which they were presented with the originals, plus new words and instructed to identify those
words that were on the list is known as
A free recall test
Nature vs Nurture - Biological factors, genes, proteins, neurotransmitters
Nature
Nature vs Nurture - Environemntal factors, learning experiences, parenting, childhoos trauma etc
Nurture
What did Alexander and Hines (2002) find out
Evolution plays a major role in choice as malemonkeys were more likely to play with male toys and female monkeys were more likely to pay with female toys
How many pairs of chromosomes do we have
22 + 2 for gender = 46 chromosomes in total
What symbols indicate a female chromosome and what do they look like
XX and two lines of smae length
What symbols indicate a mae chromosome and what do they look like
XY and two lines which one is less than half the length of another
What is the word - transmission of traits from parents to offspring (genes) evolution
Heredity
What is the word - the degree of variation in trait in a population that is the result of genetic variation between individuals (genetic variation)
Heritability