PSYC-2400 Final
What is the effect called when it takes longer to rotate a mental image as the size of the rotation increases?*
The analog approach
One of the most difficult problems in conducting research on imagery is what?*
It is difficult to examine such an inaccessible mental process
What type of stimulus-response pairing produced the WORST recall?* (Hint: black stimulus, blank response)
Abstract stimulus, abstract response
The valence of a word refers to something that can be experienced by other senses?* (T/F)
False
Someone picturing a professors as an old, white man with glasses means they have an existing BLANK for a professor*
Schema
Concepts are thought to be represented as BLANK in most semantic network models?*
Nodes
A patient with Wernicks Aphasia tries to describe a sofa "the thing you sit on - living room - big" what does this demonstrate?*
Circumlocution
What is Circumlocution?*
The use of many words to express an idea that could be expressed in few
What us joint attention?*
When one person purposfully coordinates their attention with that of another person.
The dad picks up a toy horse and tells the baby to look at the horse before giving it to the baby. What he the dad created?*
Joint Attention
When someone tried to say "You have missed all of my history lectures" it comes out as "You have hissed all of my mystery lectures" what is this an example of?*
Phoneme Exchange Error
What is phoneme exchange error?*
Occurs when phoneme as put in the wrong phoneme spots in a word frame
What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language, what never develped what?*
Lexicon/vocabulary
When a non-english language uses many different sentences to express what would be one sentence in english this refers to a lack of what?*
Recursion
In solving the tower of Hanoi problem the intiatial state is the players understanding of the rules, the goal state is the completion of the puzzle, and the operators are strategies used in the players minds (T/F)*
false
Failing to notice that an object serves multiple purposes refers to what?*
Functional Fixedness
if "Some A are not B" than "some B are not A" is also true? (T/F)*
True
If john sees white swams in Toronto and white swams in monteral, he thinks it is likely that all swans are white, which of the following is FALSE about his statement?*
It is invalid as it does not follow logically from its two premises
When a sentence can have two different interpretations what type of ambuiguity is it?*
Semantic scope ambiguity
What is semantic scope ambuguity?*
The idea that one sentence can have multiple interpretations
If someone gets 10 tails flips in a row, they believe that future outcomes will compensate for the lack of heads, this belief is an example of what?*
Law of Averages
What is the role of cognitive demons in the pandemonium model?
They detect a specific pattern
Optic Ataxia is a disorder of what?*
Visually guided reaching. (reaching for the taxi)
A person only being able to identify a photo of a bicycle as "two shapes connected by a line, and another line looking like a handle" describes what condition?*
Integrative agnosia
What is integrative agnosia?*
A conditon where one can identify components of an object but not the whole object/what it is
Attention prevents early perceptual processing of irrelevent distractors? (T/F)*
True
Why did psychologists return to the study of mental phenomena in the 50s?*
Technqiues linking behavior to mental processes
Retina -> V1 -> Brain this info is mapped so that each point on the retina corresponds to a specific point in the V1. What is this organization called?*
Retinotopic
Imagery is top-down in nature (T/F)
True
What is mental imagery?
Mental representations of a non-present stimuli
T/F imagery is easy to study
Flase
Images take less time to rotate in reality versus in the mind T/F
False
There were large gender differences found regarding cognitive abilities in imagery T/F
False, it was very small
What explains gender difference between men and women regarding imagery?
Women have less access to experience inspatial activity
What is a cognitive map?
Routes and paths of a given envoirnment present in the mind
T/F Congitive maps are often correct
True
In cognitive maps, 3 points that often distort estimate of differences include what?
Landmarks
Interevening cities
Catagorical membership
What is synesthesia?
Where a stimulus for one sense/cognitive cognitive pathway triggers stimulus for another sense/cognitive pathway. Ex. Seeing the letter A triggers purple
What is the inducer in synesthesia?
The cue elicting the synesthesia experience. Ex. the letter A in "A triggers purple"
What is the concurrent in synesthesia?
The response produced based on the initial stimuli. Ex. The purple of "A triggers Purple"
What is Eidetic imagery?
Clear images that persist for over 1 minute after the stimuli is removed. Aka photographic memory
T/F Eidetic imagery is common among children
True
What is cognitive dedifferntiation?
Fusion of peceptual processes where eidetic=imagery and Synesthesia=sense modalities
What is dual coding theory and what are the two ways?
States there are two ways to represent events. Verbally (logogens) and visually (imagens).
Logogens are visual representations of events T/F
False, thats imagens
What is a well defined problem?
A problem with one correct answer
What is an ill-defined problem?
A problem that has no single correct answer
What does the gestalt approach state in problem solving?
it requires reorganization and restructuring of the brain
T/F The Collins and Loftus approach states that success in problem solving is influenced by its representation in ones mind
False, this is Gestalts approach
What is a non-insight problem?
Following the basic steps and getting to the solution
What is an insight problem
Sudden realization of the answer. An aha moment
The metcalfe and Wiebe chain insight problem demonstrates what?
An non-insight problem as you must follow the steps to reach the answer
Explain representational change theory
Insight requires a change in the way that we represent a problem
What two processes does representational change rely on?
Constraint relaxation: Removal of assumptions blocking the solutions
Chunk decomposition: Parts of the problem that belong together are seperated into chunks and examined individually
What is functional fixedness in problem solving?
Inability to see beyond the most common use of an object
Can't recognize it can have multiple functions
What is the problem solving problem of fixation?
Peoples tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of the problem that keeps them from arriving at the solution
What is a mental set in problem solving?
Preconcieved notion about how to approach a problem
What is the idea of the Gestalt approach in problem solving?
People solve problems depending on how they are represented in the mind
What is search in problem solving?
Searching for a way to reach a goal
What is a means end analysis in problem solving?
Solving a problem by reducing the steps between the initial state and the end goal
What is the problem space?
The way the problem is represented, incluges the goal and various ways reach the solution
What is a search tree?
A representation of all possible moves towards the solution, branching from the initial state of the problem
What is combinatorial explosion?
Very rapid increase in the number of alternative options
What is a heuristic in problem solving?
Rule of thumb/shortcut that can be used, doesn't always guarentee a solution
What are algorithms in problem solving?
unambigious solution procedures, often used by AI
What are the two types of algorithms in problem solving?
Systematic: Guarenteed to find the solution if it exists
Non-systematic: Not guarenteed to find a solution
What is deductive reasoning?
A logical approach where you go from general ideas to specific solutions
What is a syllogism?
Two premises and a conclusion used in deductive reasoning.
Ex.
Premise 1: All birds are animals
Premise 2: All animals eat
Conclusion: All birds eat
What is inductive reasoning?
what is probably true based on the evidence
T/F Syllogisms are valid when the information is probably true based on the evidence?
False, that is inductive reasoning. Syllogisms are valid when the conclusio logically follows from the two premises
T/F The truth regarding syllogisms is when conclusion is formed from 2 premises.
False. That is validity. The truth is when the content matches with fact
What are the 4 types of catagorical Syllogisms?
Universal affirmation
Universal negative
Particular affirmation
Particular negative
T/F in universal affirmation syllogisms, A is a subset of B.
True
T/F in a universal negative we only know that A is not B
True
What is logicism?
The idea that logical reasoning is essential to humans
What two things does a conditional Syllogism have?
Antecedent: If
Consequent: Then
If I lend steve $20, then I will not get it back explains two key parts of a conditional syllogism, what are they?
The antecedent is the if, the consequent is the then
What ar ethe 4 types of conditional syllogisms?
Affirming the antecedent (valid)
Denying the consequent (valid)
Affirming the consequent (invalid)
Denying the antecent (invalid)
I studied therefore I will get a good grade is an example of what kind of conitional syllogism? Is it valid
Affirming the antecedent
I did not get a good grade, therefore I did not study is what type of conditonal syllogism? is it valid?
Denying the consequent
I got a good grade, therefore I studied is an example of what conditonal syllogism? is this valid?
Affirming the consequent, it is invalid
I did not study therefore I did not get a good grade is an example of what conditonal syllogism? Is it valid?
Denying the antecedent. Invalid
T/F Wason card selection task requires participants to select cards that confirm the rule?
False, they need to choose what disconfirms the rule
What is the falsification principal?
To test a rule you must look for situations that would falsify that rule
All crows I have seen in Toronto are black, All crows I have seen in monteral are black. Therefore I think its a good guess that all crows are black. What reasoning is this an example of?
Inductive
What is the avalibility heuristic?
Easier remembers events are judged as more probable
What is the representativeness heuristic?
Inferences based on an assumption about small samples resembling one another and the population they are drawn from. Ex. Half of the staff are male and half are female, assume that at lunch the breakroom will be 50/50 male female
What is the law of large numbers?
Larger the sample, closer statistics are to being true
What is the law of averages?
Fallacy based assumption that events of one kind are always balanced by events of another kind
What is the gamblers fallacy?
Mistaken belief that an event that hasn't occured for several individual trial is more likely to happen soon
What is confirmation bias?
Tendency to look for info that confirms our belief well overlooking what denies it
What is the expected utility theory?
Assumes that humans are rational when given all needed info
T/F instance theory assumes that memory is a single system that records specific instances.
True
What is basic theory assumption?
Idea that people encode details of individual experiences and retrieval is similiarly driven
What is the analog perspective?
Creating a mental image of an object that closely resembles the image on the retina
Details that were missed when viewing an object will still be present in the mental image T/F
False
What is the propositional perspective?
Mental images are store more language like, in an abstract form
What hemisphere does verbal activity use?
Left
What hemisphere does imagery use?
Right
T/F the fact that mental images take longer to rotate larger objects and less time for smaller supports the analog perspective
True
The Fiebatch and Friederici fMRI study states that concrete and abstracte words activate the same patterns in the left hemisphere? T/F
False, they activate different patterns
T/F visual imagery activates 70-90% of the same regions as visual perception based on Kosslyn's theory
True
Defined embodied cognition?
The job of perception is to facilliate interactions in the envoirnment
What is a holophrase (animals)?
Single vocalization for a situation
T/F animals cannot combine symbols to create meaningful communication?
True
T/F Animals can communicate about the future
False, only the here and now
What is generative design of language?
There are fixed numbers an dsymbols but combining them can generate infinate meanings
What is displacement in language design?
Refers to events not in there here and now with infinate topics
What is arbitrary in language design?
Symbols have no resembalence to what they refer to, ex. dog
What does the dynamtic description of language design mean?
Language changes accross time
What is phonology?
Study of physical sounds that arent abstract
What is a phoneme?
Distinct unit of sound
What is a morpheme?
Smallest meaningful language unit
What is a free morpheme?
Can appear anywhere in a sentence
In the following sentences pick out the mopheme
The dog was jumping
The door is locked
The friends played
1)ing
2)ed
3) s and ing
What is a syntax?
a rule for ordering words
What is the free and bound morpheme?
The dog was running
Bound: ing
Free: dog
What slip of the tongue does this explain?
Saying cat instead of dog
Word substitution error
What slip of the tongue does thus explain?
I skipped class today -> I clipped skass today
Phoneme exchange
What slip of the tongue does thus explain?
Can I have a cup of tea -> can I have a tea of cup
Morpheme error
What are sexical semantics?
How words structure meaning
What is a node?
Unit of memory
Where does collins and quillian hierachy model place general and specific knowledge
General top, specific bottom
What is a sentence verification task?
Participants must quickly decide if a sentence is true or false. Time to verify depends on underlying structure in their mind
What is collins and loftus idea on spreading activation?
Activation of one node causes that of another
What is semantic priming?
One concept is triggered at the presentation of another
thinking lion->Tiger is an example of what?
Semantic priming
What is mediated priming?
activation of a target through an indirect prime
Cat -> fur -> coat is an example of what?
mediated priming
What are distributional semantics?
We should know word meaning based on the context
What is concept in language?
mental construct of info associated with an idea
What is catagory in langauge?
Mental construct reffering to a set of ideas or objects
What are the three levels of catagory in language?
1) Basic
2) Subordinant
3)superordinate
Cat -> Scottish fold -> american shorthaired scottish fold
represents what three levels of catagory?
basic -> Suboridinate -> Superordinate
What is exemplar theory?
Catagories are classified by maintaining specific instances of catagory of associated things
What is a prototype?
Most typical group member
What is a schema?
General knowledge about the event, object, etc.
What is a script in language?
Well-learned sequence of events associated with activities
What is deep structure grammar?
Meaning of a sentence
What is surface structure grammar?
meaning of word
Producing a sentence constructs a surface structure from deep structure T/F
True
T/F By understanding a sentence we transform it into a surface structure
False. its transformed into deep
What is poverty of the stimulus?
Caregivers language is not stimulating enough causes improper learning
What is a language acquisition device?
Princiapls of universal grammar are applied to natural language
Usage based grammar?
Language is a complete and adaptive sytsem
What is joint attention?
Shared focus on an object, thing, etc.
What language does the Brocas area effect?
Speech production, verbal working memory
What is broccas aphasia?
Difficulty expressing language
What is wernicks aphasia?
Cannot comprehend speech
What is the wernicks area for langauge?
comprehension of written and spoken language
What is arcuta Fasciculus?
White matter tracks connecting wericks and brocca
What is conduct aphasia?
damage to the tract between brocca and wernicks, difficulty with repetition
T/F Speech and language are interchangable terms
FALSE