Weeks 1-9: In Class Review
Movement of Ions accross membranes: _____ is the passive movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.
Diffusion
Movement of ions across membranes: ____ transport is the process by which ions or molecules are moved across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (usually from ATP)
Active
What are the ion channel types?
- Gated ion channels open or close in response to specific stimuli
- Voltage-gated channels responding to changes in membrane potential
- Mechanically-gated channels responding to physical forces like pressure or stretch
- Chemically-gated channels opening in response to the binding of a specific molecule.
Tissue types are:
- Epithelial tissue: Epithelial tissue forms protective layers covering body surfaces and lining cavities, and is involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation.
- Connective tissue: Connective tissue supports, binds, and connects other tissues and organs, and includes bone, blood, and adipose tissue.
- Muscle tissue: Muscle tissue is responsible for movement and includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle types, each specialized for specific functions.
- Nervous tissue: Nervous tissue is involved in transmitting electrical signals throughout the body, with neurons that carry signals and glial cells that provide support.
Thick skin vs. thin skin
Thick skin has a thicker epidermis, lacks hair follicles, and is found on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, provides extra protection. Thin skin is found on most other areas of the body, has a thinner epidermis, contains hair follicles, and is more flexible and less protective.
Bone remodeling or bone metabolism process:
1. Activation: Osteoclasts move to bone surface
2. Resorption: Osteoclasts break done/remove old bone tissue and release Ca+ or P into bloodstream
3. Reversal: Osteoblasts prepare for new bone formation
4. Formation: Osteoblasts lay down new bone matrix
_______ works through the generation of action potentials, where a stimulus triggers voltage-gated ion channels to open, allowing ion movement that changes the membrane potential and propagates the electrical signal.
Neuron excitability
Senory vs. motor neurons
Sensory neurons carry signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS) to detect stimuli, while motor neurons transmit signals from the CNS to muscles or glands to initiate a response
Parasympathetic vs. sympathetic
Parasympathetic nervous system promotes rest-and-digest activities while the sympathetic nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response
Muscle spindles are:
- Sensory receptors located within muscles
- Detect changes in muscle length and stretch
- Send signals to the central nervous system to help regulate muscle tone and maintain posture
The first bone, attached to the eardrum, receives vibrations from sound waves.
Malleus
The middle bone, which connects the malleus to the stapes, transmitting vibrations further
Incus
The smallest and final bone, which transmits vibrations to the oval window of the cochlea, amplifying sound for the inner ear
Stapes
Major cavities of the body:
1. Cranial cavity: Encloses the brain within the skull.
2. Spinal (vertebral) cavity: Spinal cord in the vertebral column.
3. Thoracic cavity: Heart and lungs, divided by the mediastinum.
4. Abdominal cavity: Stomach, liver, and intestines.
5. Pelvic cavity: Reproductive organs, the bladder, and rectum.
6. Oral cavity
7. Nasal cavity
9. Orbital cavity
Middle ear cavity: Malleus, incus, and stapes
Hypotonic vs. hypertonic vs. isotonic
1. Hypotonic - Lower solute concentration causing swelling/bursting
2. Hypertonic - Higher solute concentration causing shrinking
3. Isotonic - Solution = concentration, same cell size
Primary minerals in bone:
1. Calcium
2. Phosphorus
3. Magnesium
Is a condyloid joint, allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
Wrist
Is a ball-and-socket joint, permits a wide range of motion, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction.
Shoulder
Is a hinge joint, primarily allows flexion and extension, with a small degree of rotation when flexed
Knee
Connect the vertebrae of the spine. Are synovial joints that allow for limited movement, including flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral bending of the spine
Vertebral Joints
Motor neurons are found in the ventral (_____) horn of the spinal cord, while sensory neurons are located in the dorsal (_______) horn and their cell bodies are in the dorsal root ganglion
Anterior, posterior
How sound enters the ear:
Travels through the outer ear, where it vibrates the eardrum (tympanic membrane), which then transmits the vibrations to the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) in the middle ear, and finally to the cochlea in the inner ear, where the vibrations are converted into electrical signals
How light enters the eye:
Light enters the eye through the cornea, passes through the pupil, and is focused by the lens onto the retina, where it is converted into electrical signals that are sent to the brain for visual processing