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PSYC-2400 Final

What is the effect called when it takes longer to rotate a mental image as the size of the rotation increases?*

The analog approach

One of the most difficult problems in conducting research on imagery is what?*

It is difficult to examine such an inaccessible mental process

What type of stimulus-response pairing produced the WORST recall?* (Hint: black stimulus, blank response)

Abstract stimulus, abstract response

The valence of a word refers to something that can be experienced by other senses?* (T/F)

False

Someone picturing a professors as an old, white man with glasses means they have an existing BLANK for a professor*

Schema

Concepts are thought to be represented as BLANK in most semantic network models?*

Nodes

A patient with Wernicks Aphasia tries to describe a sofa "the thing you sit on - living room - big" what does this demonstrate?*

Circumlocution

What is Circumlocution?*

The use of many words to express an idea that could be expressed in few

What us joint attention?*

When one person purposfully coordinates their attention with that of another person.

The dad picks up a toy horse and tells the baby to look at the horse before giving it to the baby. What he the dad created?*

Joint Attention

When someone tried to say "You have missed all of my history lectures" it comes out as "You have hissed all of my mystery lectures" what is this an example of?*

Phoneme Exchange Error

What is phoneme exchange error?*

Occurs when phoneme as put in the wrong phoneme spots in a word frame

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language, what never develped what?*

Lexicon/vocabulary

When a non-english language uses many different sentences to express what would be one sentence in english this refers to a lack of what?*

Recursion

In solving the tower of Hanoi problem the intiatial state is the players understanding of the rules, the goal state is the completion of the puzzle, and the operators are strategies used in the players minds (T/F)*

false

Failing to notice that an object serves multiple purposes refers to what?*

Functional Fixedness

if "Some A are not B" than "some B are not A" is also true? (T/F)*

True

If john sees white swams in Toronto and white swams in monteral, he thinks it is likely that all swans are white, which of the following is FALSE about his statement?*

It is invalid as it does not follow logically from its two premises

When a sentence can have two different interpretations what type of ambuiguity is it?*

Semantic scope ambiguity

What is semantic scope ambuguity?*

The idea that one sentence can have multiple interpretations

If someone gets 10 tails flips in a row, they believe that future outcomes will compensate for the lack of heads, this belief is an example of what?*

Law of Averages

What is the role of cognitive demons in the pandemonium model?

They detect a specific pattern

Optic Ataxia is a disorder of what?*

Visually guided reaching. (reaching for the taxi)

A person only being able to identify a photo of a bicycle as "two shapes connected by a line, and another line looking like a handle" describes what condition?*

Integrative agnosia

What is integrative agnosia?*

A conditon where one can identify components of an object but not the whole object/what it is

Attention prevents early perceptual processing of irrelevent distractors? (T/F)*

True

Why did psychologists return to the study of mental phenomena in the 50s?*

Technqiues linking behavior to mental processes

Retina -> V1 -> Brain this info is mapped so that each point on the retina corresponds to a specific point in the V1. What is this organization called?*

Retinotopic

Imagery is top-down in nature (T/F)

True

What is mental imagery?

Mental representations of a non-present stimuli

T/F imagery is easy to study

Flase

Images take less time to rotate in reality versus in the mind T/F

False

There were large gender differences found regarding cognitive abilities in imagery T/F

False, it was very small

What explains gender difference between men and women regarding imagery?

Women have less access to experience inspatial activity

What is a cognitive map?

Routes and paths of a given envoirnment present in the mind

T/F Congitive maps are often correct

True

In cognitive maps, 3 points that often distort estimate of differences include what?

Landmarks
Interevening cities

Catagorical membership

What is synesthesia?

Where a stimulus for one sense/cognitive cognitive pathway triggers stimulus for another sense/cognitive pathway. Ex. Seeing the letter A triggers purple

What is the inducer in synesthesia?

The cue elicting the synesthesia experience. Ex. the letter A in "A triggers purple"

What is the concurrent in synesthesia?

The response produced based on the initial stimuli. Ex. The purple of "A triggers Purple"

What is Eidetic imagery?

Clear images that persist for over 1 minute after the stimuli is removed. Aka photographic memory

T/F Eidetic imagery is common among children

True

What is cognitive dedifferntiation?

Fusion of peceptual processes where eidetic=imagery and Synesthesia=sense modalities

What is dual coding theory and what are the two ways?

States there are two ways to represent events. Verbally (logogens) and visually (imagens).

Logogens are visual representations of events T/F

False, thats imagens

What is a well defined problem?

A problem with one correct answer

What is an ill-defined problem?

A problem that has no single correct answer

What does the gestalt approach state in problem solving?

it requires reorganization and restructuring of the brain

T/F The Collins and Loftus approach states that success in problem solving is influenced by its representation in ones mind

False, this is Gestalts approach

What is a non-insight problem?

Following the basic steps and getting to the solution

What is an insight problem

Sudden realization of the answer. An aha moment

The metcalfe and Wiebe chain insight problem demonstrates what?

An non-insight problem as you must follow the steps to reach the answer

Explain representational change theory

Insight requires a change in the way that we represent a problem

What two processes does representational change rely on?

Constraint relaxation: Removal of assumptions blocking the solutions

Chunk decomposition: Parts of the problem that belong together are seperated into chunks and examined individually

What is functional fixedness in problem solving?

Inability to see beyond the most common use of an object
Can't recognize it can have multiple functions

What is the problem solving problem of fixation?

Peoples tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of the problem that keeps them from arriving at the solution

What is a mental set in problem solving?

Preconcieved notion about how to approach a problem

What is the idea of the Gestalt approach in problem solving?

People solve problems depending on how they are represented in the mind

What is search in problem solving?

Searching for a way to reach a goal

What is a means end analysis in problem solving?

Solving a problem by reducing the steps between the initial state and the end goal

What is the problem space?

The way the problem is represented, incluges the goal and various ways reach the solution

What is a search tree?

A representation of all possible moves towards the solution, branching from the initial state of the problem

What is combinatorial explosion?

Very rapid increase in the number of alternative options

What is a heuristic in problem solving?

Rule of thumb/shortcut that can be used, doesn't always guarentee a solution

What are algorithms in problem solving?

unambigious solution procedures, often used by AI

What are the two types of algorithms in problem solving?

Systematic: Guarenteed to find the solution if it exists

Non-systematic: Not guarenteed to find a solution

What is deductive reasoning?

A logical approach where you go from general ideas to specific solutions

What is a syllogism?

Two premises and a conclusion used in deductive reasoning.
Ex.

Premise 1: All birds are animals

Premise 2: All animals eat

Conclusion: All birds eat

What is inductive reasoning?

what is probably true based on the evidence

T/F Syllogisms are valid when the information is probably true based on the evidence?

False, that is inductive reasoning. Syllogisms are valid when the conclusio logically follows from the two premises

T/F The truth regarding syllogisms is when conclusion is formed from 2 premises.

False. That is validity. The truth is when the content matches with fact

What are the 4 types of catagorical Syllogisms?

Universal affirmation
Universal negative

Particular affirmation

Particular negative

T/F in universal affirmation syllogisms, A is a subset of B.

True

T/F in a universal negative we only know that A is not B

True

What is logicism?

The idea that logical reasoning is essential to humans

What two things does a conditional Syllogism have?

Antecedent: If
Consequent: Then

If I lend steve $20, then I will not get it back explains two key parts of a conditional syllogism, what are they?

The antecedent is the if, the consequent is the then

What ar ethe 4 types of conditional syllogisms?

Affirming the antecedent (valid)
Denying the consequent (valid)

Affirming the consequent (invalid)

Denying the antecent (invalid)

I studied therefore I will get a good grade is an example of what kind of conitional syllogism? Is it valid

Affirming the antecedent

I did not get a good grade, therefore I did not study is what type of conditonal syllogism? is it valid?

Denying the consequent

I got a good grade, therefore I studied is an example of what conditonal syllogism? is this valid?

Affirming the consequent, it is invalid

I did not study therefore I did not get a good grade is an example of what conditonal syllogism? Is it valid?

Denying the antecedent. Invalid

T/F Wason card selection task requires participants to select cards that confirm the rule?

False, they need to choose what disconfirms the rule

What is the falsification principal?

To test a rule you must look for situations that would falsify that rule

All crows I have seen in Toronto are black, All crows I have seen in monteral are black. Therefore I think its a good guess that all crows are black. What reasoning is this an example of?

Inductive

What is the avalibility heuristic?

Easier remembers events are judged as more probable

What is the representativeness heuristic?

Inferences based on an assumption about small samples resembling one another and the population they are drawn from. Ex. Half of the staff are male and half are female, assume that at lunch the breakroom will be 50/50 male female

What is the law of large numbers?

Larger the sample, closer statistics are to being true

What is the law of averages?

Fallacy based assumption that events of one kind are always balanced by events of another kind

What is the gamblers fallacy?

Mistaken belief that an event that hasn't occured for several individual trial is more likely to happen soon

What is confirmation bias?

Tendency to look for info that confirms our belief well overlooking what denies it

What is the expected utility theory?

Assumes that humans are rational when given all needed info

T/F instance theory assumes that memory is a single system that records specific instances.

True

What is basic theory assumption?

Idea that people encode details of individual experiences and retrieval is similiarly driven

What is the analog perspective?

Creating a mental image of an object that closely resembles the image on the retina

Details that were missed when viewing an object will still be present in the mental image T/F

False

What is the propositional perspective?

Mental images are store more language like, in an abstract form

What hemisphere does verbal activity use?

Left

What hemisphere does imagery use?

Right

T/F the fact that mental images take longer to rotate larger objects and less time for smaller supports the analog perspective

True

The Fiebatch and Friederici fMRI study states that concrete and abstracte words activate the same patterns in the left hemisphere? T/F

False, they activate different patterns

T/F visual imagery activates 70-90% of the same regions as visual perception based on Kosslyn's theory

True

Defined embodied cognition?

The job of perception is to facilliate interactions in the envoirnment

What is a holophrase (animals)?

Single vocalization for a situation

T/F animals cannot combine symbols to create meaningful communication?

True

T/F Animals can communicate about the future

False, only the here and now

What is generative design of language?

There are fixed numbers an dsymbols but combining them can generate infinate meanings

What is displacement in language design?

Refers to events not in there here and now with infinate topics

What is arbitrary in language design?

Symbols have no resembalence to what they refer to, ex. dog

What does the dynamtic description of language design mean?

Language changes accross time

What is phonology?

Study of physical sounds that arent abstract

What is a phoneme?

Distinct unit of sound

What is a morpheme?

Smallest meaningful language unit

What is a free morpheme?

Can appear anywhere in a sentence

In the following sentences pick out the mopheme
The dog was jumping

The door is locked

The friends played

1)ing
2)ed

3) s and ing

What is a syntax?

a rule for ordering words

What is the free and bound morpheme?
The dog was running

Bound: ing
Free: dog

What slip of the tongue does this explain?
Saying cat instead of dog

Word substitution error

What slip of the tongue does thus explain?
I skipped class today -> I clipped skass today

Phoneme exchange

What slip of the tongue does thus explain?
Can I have a cup of tea -> can I have a tea of cup

Morpheme error

What are sexical semantics?

How words structure meaning

What is a node?

Unit of memory

Where does collins and quillian hierachy model place general and specific knowledge

General top, specific bottom

What is a sentence verification task?

Participants must quickly decide if a sentence is true or false. Time to verify depends on underlying structure in their mind

What is collins and loftus idea on spreading activation?

Activation of one node causes that of another

What is semantic priming?

One concept is triggered at the presentation of another

thinking lion->Tiger is an example of what?

Semantic priming

What is mediated priming?

activation of a target through an indirect prime

Cat -> fur -> coat is an example of what?

mediated priming

What are distributional semantics?

We should know word meaning based on the context

What is concept in language?

mental construct of info associated with an idea

What is catagory in langauge?

Mental construct reffering to a set of ideas or objects

What are the three levels of catagory in language?

1) Basic
2) Subordinant

3)superordinate

Cat -> Scottish fold -> american shorthaired scottish fold
represents what three levels of catagory?

basic -> Suboridinate -> Superordinate

What is exemplar theory?

Catagories are classified by maintaining specific instances of catagory of associated things

What is a prototype?

Most typical group member

What is a schema?

General knowledge about the event, object, etc.

What is a script in language?

Well-learned sequence of events associated with activities

What is deep structure grammar?

Meaning of a sentence

What is surface structure grammar?

meaning of word

Producing a sentence constructs a surface structure from deep structure T/F

True

T/F By understanding a sentence we transform it into a surface structure

False. its transformed into deep

What is poverty of the stimulus?

Caregivers language is not stimulating enough causes improper learning

What is a language acquisition device?

Princiapls of universal grammar are applied to natural language

Usage based grammar?

Language is a complete and adaptive sytsem

What is joint attention?

Shared focus on an object, thing, etc.

What language does the Brocas area effect?

Speech production, verbal working memory

What is broccas aphasia?

Difficulty expressing language

What is wernicks aphasia?

Cannot comprehend speech

What is the wernicks area for langauge?

comprehension of written and spoken language

What is arcuta Fasciculus?

White matter tracks connecting wericks and brocca

What is conduct aphasia?

damage to the tract between brocca and wernicks, difficulty with repetition

T/F Speech and language are interchangable terms

FALSE

Quiz
Les vêtements
1.2
MAPEH - copy
Social Influence (2)
Psychological Problems (3)
Memory (1)
Brain&Neuroscience (4)
natur
Das bin ich
agogie & psychologie
kap 12
Kemiprov 6/12
hållbar utveckling
NStemi
Spanska plugg 1B/1C
viande
maria
countries
spanish translation bee
foscolo,leopardi,neoclassicismo e rimanticismo in letteratura
letteratura
Vocabulaire de theatre
type de comique
engels deel 5
what are Alpha beta and gamma made up of
Les Vaisseaux Sanguins
Irish
MAPEH
psycho sociale
Південна Америка
LLW
kleuren
EDUC 3P00 FINAL
monkey beach part 1-2Quiz
etech
UE 3 RESPIRATION
trigo
Anglais 2Verbs etc...
woordenschat frans
Hartfalen (decompensatio cordis)
UE 4 DESCRIPTION DES OS
Biologi Kap 7 Hjärnan, sinnena mm
漢字N-4
Kinefilaxia
läxförhor på glosor
quiz sull'apparato resporatorio
Pefekt
småord
Voc 2voc2
Alpha decay and beta decay
radiation decay
Math
SO BegreppSO Begreppstest
7. El día a día
geschichte
2s Times Tables
3s Times Tables
December Vocabulary Test
chem 261 lab final
vitaal bedreigde patient en shock
vragen
spaans onregelmatig
Srodki masowego przekazu
Chronologie de la theorie cellulaire
kleuren
No provet
frans
frans voc
UE 1
UE 7 MASSAGE
UE 6 TESTING
espagnol vocabulaire fin chap3
UE 7 MP
esoagnol vocabulaire
englisch
espagnol gustar
UE 7 DLM
¿Qué te gusta hacer?
carbohidratos
physique espagnol (llevar)
physique espagnol (tener)
UE 4 ARTICULATIONS
phyisque espagnol (ser)
Voc 1
woordenschat
latijn les 22
les 20 latijn
Ictère
TVP + EP
SPANISHHHH🤌✨️🥂
Frauenbild zur Zeit, Jesus
nederlands
Information zu jüdischen Gruppen zu Zeiten, Jesus
Umwelt von Jesus Information
Außer biblische Quellen Information
synoptischen Evangelien
petty cash book
zwei Quellentheorie
biblische und außerbiblische Quellen
primitive mathématique
musik
Enzimas
Wahlen in Österreich
Personalentwicklung
aarderijkskunde
Hindusimen/ Buddhismen
.
Rasvat perustetoa
Name any 50 actors you know
Sociology
anatomie SNC
french
nour
Preguntas tipo test
nederlands
langue pro RemY
ossa e articolazioni
Verbos espagñoles
foo 8
SCIENCE
Science 3rd
de där jövla verben
ontkenning
HemkunskapMiljömärkning, Krav-märket, Nyckelhålsmärkt, Svanenmärket, Fairtrade, EU Ecolabel, Bra miljöval
HK2Miljömärkning, Krav-märket, Nyckelhålsmärkt, Svanenmärket, Fairtrade, EU Ecolabel, Bra miljöval
activiet
Hemkunskap
frans
Foo 7
irregular verbs 4
Samhäll
frans
HemkunskapPrivatekonomi, återvinning, produkt märkning (ex nyckelhålsmärkt)
BiologiEkosystemet, vattnets kretslopp
Religion
Biologi BegreppBiologi begrepp som man bör kunna för högre nivå
Literarisches Vokabular
Aparato excretor
Foo 6
science
historyfinals
HE
histoire et epithemologieorigines philosophiques et scientifiye de la psychologie
histoire et episthemologie- apport de la psychanalyse a l'histoire des maladies mentales - regard episthemologique de la psychanalyse
Anatomi optiker
histoire et epistemologiecreation, institutionnalisation et developpement de la psychologie scientifique
histoire et epistemologiehistoire de la pratique de la psychologie
colori in tedescocolori in tedesco
töne der chromatischen skala
Aufgabe 4 Dodekaphonie a) Übersetzen Sie den Begriff ins Deutsche, stellen Sie s
Welche Rolle spielt die Atonalität in der modernen Musik? Erklären Sie den Begri
Erläutern Sie kurz die Hauptmerkmale der Moderne in der Musik. Beziehen Sie sich
unidad 4
possesiva pronomen
PSYCHOLOGIE COGNITIVE
aleman
time 法语
Futur
unit testcommon types of eating disorders
EST Test on Electricity
Anatomia Humana, Planos Corporales, Sistema Oseo, Articulaciones
METHODOLOGIE TD
Ruotsi kappale 4 En/ett sanat
Ruotsi kappale 4 sanat
Chapter 28 Reproductive
Ruotsi kappale 4 Sarjakuva
Ruotsi kappale 4 virkkeet
Factores die de waarneming beinvloeden
Voc
METHODOLOGIE COURS
english level C1practice for c1 level
vocabulary unit 1vocabulary
VITAMINAS
English Voka Adjektiveexcited
Koe 1
histoire et epistemologiehistoire des neurosciences
Physics Revision
semaine 5
mapeh q2
minimal music informationen und musikbeschreibung
Klangflächenmusik informationen
aleatorik musik informationen und Musikbeschreibung
serielle Musik informationen und Musikbeschreibung
Klangflächen und Klangzentrum und allgemein zur Grundreihe und cluster in musik
french vocab acte 2
tonalität und atonalität
Komponisten der neuen Wiener Schule
musik der Moderne Stationen der Musik
musik der Moderne Stilrichtungen mit Vertretern
musik notationsformem
Expressionismus in der Musik
Musik in der Moderne
examen sociale wetenschappen
latijn les 19
biologie
miljö o hälsa
latijn les 18
Conditionnel conj.
Examen 2
Bio ekologija
Weeks 1-9: In Class Review
senado
Idrott
vattenmolekyler
Vocabeln 82 bis 85
prep con acc
veckodagar - alternativ
De verkennende avonturier 1 slot buiten editievind de code en open de schat
Economicsbasic introduction to econimic
räknetal - alternativ
francese
kapitel 8
räknetal
glosor kapitel 5
La chimica dei viventi
Radicales latinos (2)
samhällskunskap
unidad 3
nederlands
LatinismosLatinismos
So begrepp - Flodkulturer
STS 4
Allevamento e i la pesca
La produzione agricola e i diversi tipi di coltivazione
Globalizzazione pil isu delocalizazzione
GCP Part 1
50 palabras frances
ite voc
linguistica e grammatica italianaciao
allemand theme
def
UE 4 NERFS
indebolimento potere papale
engels deel 4
UE 4 ORIGINE ET TERMINAISON
Tema 49. Nutrición y AF.Tema 49.
UE 4 ORIGINE ET TERMINAISON
UE 4 origine terminaisons
test 6 法语
cleansing balm
top ten facial prices
top ten faical products
Révision finale: animation
Révison fianale: TSA
la deuxieme guerre mondiale (EST)
Capitol 4A and asking question words.
Alimentação
aves
la la la
use of cases in german
verbi 1
French vocabulary
economia
9.3: Beroepsopleiding en beroepen
Deutsch
geologi provinför prov tisdag 3/12
perfusion (emily)
Kolos 2
Koe 1
acidos grasos
Allemand
Test 1
englisch
Funktechnik
Final Exam
lijst homoniemen
Government Test Review
flashcards
schul
Examen 2 Renacimiento - tipo test
Examen 2 Renacimiento
los 5 primeros articulos de la declaracion universal de los derechos humanos
Ruotsi kappale 3 teksti virkkeet
preambulo de la declaracion universal y democratica de derecho
los seres humanos en estado de naturaleza
el comunismo
Hållbar utveckling instuderingsfrågor tenta
Ciclo ovarico ciclo mestruale
Gli organi e le parti esterne Dell apparato riproduttore femminile
Scheikunde formulesMolecuulformules
Endokrina systemet
allemand
L apparato produttore femminile
no
Ruotsi kappale 3 sarjakuva
Physique chimie, TP-6 ACT.7 ACT.8
Quiz 4 - Vital Signs
englisch vokabeln
Tema 41. Recreación y Tiempo libretema
2C
vocabulary
Anglais
Considerazioni
Proxy
Flyweight
trachemys scrypta
Facade
Decorator
Composite
Bridge
Adapter
tortue d hermann
MAD chapter 9 part 2
REGION 9: ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA
Latijn woorden module 2