INTRODUCTION QUIZ IN TOP
The word personality comes from "PERSONA" which ORIGINALLY MEANT. This was worn by Roman
actors in Greek dramas.
Theatrical mask
Psychologists are most likely to agree that
personality is best explained by a variety of theories.
A PATTERN of relatively PERMANENT TRAITS
, dispositions, or characteristics that give some consistency to a person's behavior is called
personality
Which term should be most CLOSELY associated with the word theory?
science
A theory can be defined as
a set of related assumptions that generate testable hypotheses.
Which statement best reflects the relationship between theory and hypothesis?
A single theory may generate several hypotheses
A hypothesis is best defined as
an educated guess or prediction.
Taxonomies are
systems for classifying data.
What is the relationship among theory, hypothesis, and observation?
Theories generate hypotheses that lead to observations that may alter the original theory.
The ultimate VALUE of a THEORY is its
usefulness
A theory should be open to DISCONFIRMATION. This refers to the theory's ability to
be falsified.
A related set of if-then assumptions would constitute a
theory
The SUBDICIPLINE of PSYCHOLOGY that looks at the PERSONAL TRAITS of scientists is called
psychology of science.
Although scientists' process may be influenced by their personal characteristics, the usefulness of their work is
judged by their scientific product.
A useful theory should
all of the above.
An INTERNALLY CONSISTENT theory
includes operational definitions of its terms.
A THEORY that is as SIMPLE as possible is said to be
parsimonious
An EXPLANATION of BEHAVIOR in terms of FUTURE GOALS or PURPOSES is called
teleology
A test that yields consistent results is said to be
reliable
The public face that we display to the people in the public
Persona
Sigmund Freud was the _____ ______ child
First born
It may be UNIQUE, COMMON to some group, or shared by entire SPECIES, but their PATTERN is DIFFERENT for each individual
Traits
Unique qualities of an individual that include attributes such as temperament, physique, and intelligence
Characteristics
Is a pattern or relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to person's behavior
Personality
A set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypothesis
Theory
_______ is the most closely associate with the word theory
Science
Is an educated guess or prediction.
Hypothesis
Is a CLASSIFICATIONS of things according to their natural relationships. It is essential for the development of science because without classification of data science could not grow
Taxonomy
What are the six criteria determine the usefulness of a scientific theory
• Generate Research
• Falsifiable
• Organizes data
• Guides action
• Internally consistent
• Parsimonious
generate research, falsifiable, organizes data, guides action, internally consistent, parsimonious
A theory must be PRECISE enough to suggest research that may either SUPPORT or FAIL to support its major tenets.
Falsifiable
The MOST IMPORTANT CRITERION of a useful theory is its ability to STIMULATE and GUIDE further research
Generate Research
Has ability to GUIDE the PRACTITIONER iver the rough course of day-to-day problems
EXAMPLE: parents, teachers, business manager and psychotherapists
Guides Action
A good theory will use concepts and terms that have been clearly and OPERATIONALLY DEFINED
Internally consistent
The one that DEFINES units in term of OBSERVABLE EVENTS or BEHAVIOR that can be measured
Operational definition
SIMPLE EXPLANATIONS
Parsimonious
Means LOVE OF WISDOM. Broader term than theory, but one branch of philosophy
Philosophy
NATURE of KNOWLEDGE and THEORIES used by scientist in PURSUITS of knowledge
Epistemology
Branch of study concerned with observations and classification of data with the verification of general laws
Science
FUNDAMENTAL or CORE ASSUMPTIONS of a theory that are taken as SELF-EVIDENTLY true
Postulates
• It is from ENTIRE DEFINITION.
• CONCEPTS in the HYPORHESES are defined PRECISELY so that accurate measures of the concepts can be devised
Conceptual definition
PROCEDURE or OPERATIONS used to define PARTICULAR CONSTRUCTS
Operational definition
DUPLICATION or REPETITION of an experiment or study to determine
Replication
• Created from SOLID DATABASE of EMPIRICAL observations
• Statements of OBSERVED RELATIONSHIPS among events
Inductive theories
• PRECISELY stated and tested
• Developing hypotheses as a TESTABLE to answer
Deductive theories
• Has CAUSE and EFFECTS and IV and DV
• Has 2 SETS of variables
Experimental method
• It aims to establish ASSOCIATION or RELATIONSHIP
• WITHOUT the manipulating or controlling
Correlational method
• Is a DEPTH STUDY of one specific event or people.
• Used to gain a much DEEPER INSIGHT related to how and why an individual does thing
Case studies
Define LOTS DATA it used to STUDY PERSONALITY
L - Life data
O - Observe data
T - Test data
S - Self-report data
Life data, Observe data, Test data, Self-report data
• SELF-RATING TEST or the INVENTORY TEST to be answered YES or NO, TRUE or FALSE
• Example: Intelligence test, Aptittude test (to predict), Pyshometric test, Life history
Objective Test
• Assessing the UNCONCSIOUS MANIFESTING
• AMBIGOUS
• Example: DAP,TAT,
Projective Techniques
The THEORY should be SIMPLE and CONCISE, avoiding unnecessary complexity.
parsimonious
The theory should provide a FRAMEWORK for ORGANIZING and INTERPRETING existing information and observations.
Example: Freud's stages of psychosexual development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) provided a structure for understanding how personality develops in childhood based on different areas of focus and conflict.
organizes data
The THEORY should INSPIRE and GUIDE further investigation and experimentation.
Generate research
The THEORY should make specific PREDICTIONS that can be TESTED and potentially PROVEN WRONG
falsifiable
term “PERSONALITY” originated from the
LATIN word
persona
it contribute to individual DIFFERENCES in behavior, CONSISTENCY of behavior over time, and STABILITYof behavior across situations.
traits
this are people who PURSUE WISDOM through THINKING and REASONING. they are not scientists; they do not ordinarily conduct controlled studies in their pursuit of wisdom.
philosophers
Personality inventories may be reliable and yet LACK _______ or accuracy
validity
is the degree to which an instrument MEASURES what it is SUPPOSED to measure.
validity
Personality psychologists are primarily
concerned with TWO TYPES of VALIDITY:
construct validity and predictive validity
is the extent to which an instrument measures some HYPOTHETICAL CONSTRUCT. Constructs such as EXTRAVERSION, aggressiveness, intelligence, and emotional stability have NO PHYSICAL EXISTENCE (e.g., a questionnaire, a test)
Construct validity
the extent to which a test can PREDICT FUTURE BEHAVIOR. (e.g., a test, an assessment)
predictive validity
Imagine you create a QUESTIONNAIRE to MEASURE happiness. To establish ________ ________ , you compare the questionnaire results with other established measures of happiness, like self-reports from individuals' close friends and family. If the questionnaire's results consistently align with these other measures, it suggests that the questionnaire accurately measures the construct of happiness.
Construct Validity
Let's say a high school guidance counselor uses a personality ASSESSMENT to PREDICT students' likelihood of dropping out. If the assessment reliably identifies students who later drop out, it demonstrates predictive validity, indicating that the assessment can effectively forecast future dropout behavior.
Predictive Validity
Focuses on UNCONSCIOUS processes and CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES influencing BEHAVIOR.
Example: A person's fear of commitment might stem from unresolved conflicts with parental figures during childhood, according to FREUDIAN THEORY.
Psychodynamic Perspective
Emphasizes PERSONAL GROWTH, SELF-ACTUALIZATION, and POSITIVE human qualities.
Example: Encouraging individuals to explore their potential and pursue fulfilling activities to enhance their overall well-being, as advocated by MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Humanistic-Positive Perspective
Examines how BIOLOGY and EVOLUTIONARY history influence BEHAVIOR and MENTAL processes.
Example: Studying how genetic predispositions may contribute to the development of anxiety disorders, such as a heightened amygdala response to threat stimuli.
Biological-Evolutionary Perspective
Centers on INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES and TRAITS shaping BEHAVIOR
Example: Personality TRAITS such as extraversion or introversion INFLUENCING how people interact in social situations, according to TRAIT THEORY.
Dispositional Perspective
Focuses on how behavior is LEARNED through INTERACTIONS with the ENVIRONMENT and COGNITIVE processes.
Example: Observational learning, where children imitate aggressive behavior they see in media or from role models, as demonstrated in BANDURA'S BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT
Learning/Social-Cognitive Perspective