Philo 11
The father of philosophy in the western civilization
Thales
The first person who reduce multiplicity in to a unity
Thales
it uses ___ to investigate the ultimate reason, causes, and principles that govern all
reason
religion rest on?
faith
philosophy rest on?
reason
provide description of being & knowing
Cognitive
concerned with the standard of the good
normative
metaphysics deals with?
existence
study of the nature and means of human knowledge
Epistemology
science and art of correct thinking and reasoning
Logic
Deals with human actions whether good or bad
Ethics
Deal with the nature of art or objective judgement of beauty
Aesthetics
Deals with the principles of proper social system
Politics
area in philosophy that understands the human person from a philosophical perspective
Philosophy of the human person
it define as love of wisdom
Philosophy
Meaning of Philosophers
Lovers of wisdom
Philosopher contributed the problem he pose "what is the ultimate stuff of the universe?"
Thales
It is the root cause that explains almost everything in a given context
Fundamentals
The desire to integrate things in to a one coherent whole
Holistic
Metaphysics answers the question...
where am I?
In epistemology it answers the question...
How do I know it?
The normative branches that answers the question...
What should I do?
Philosophy uses this to arrive at a certain knowledge or truth
reason
The socratic method also known as...
elenchus
The father of communism
Karl Marx
The process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgement
Reasoning
deductive reasoning is...
whole to part
inductive reasoning is...
part to whole
The Two philosophical tools
Philosophical Questions
Logical reasoning
refers to the entire human race
Man
looking at the situation only in one part, a perspective that is based on one of the component of the parts
Partial Point of view
Seeing the situation as a whole by connecting its parts and looking through the birds eye view
Holistic
The careful, reflective, rational and systematic approach to questions
Critical thinking
An activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts, feelings and actions and learn from experience
Reflection
According to him, philosophical reflection is the act of giving time to think about the meaning and purpose of life
Gabriel Marcel
is vital in ensuring that our actions and decisions are well thought out
Reflection
The ability to think logically
Primary Reflection
Type of reflection enables us to look deeper into our experiences and see the bigger picture of reality
Secondary reflection
Moral theology employs this sign as a guidepost of moral decision making
STOP
In moral theology STOP guidepost, S stands for?
Search out the facts
In moral theology STOP guidepost, T stands for?
Think
In moral theology STOP guidepost, O stands for?
how it affects OTHERS
In moral Theology STOP guidepost, P stands for?
Pray
Is a science devoted to the discovery of the proper method of acquiring and validating knowledge
Epistemology
Is the clear awareness and understanding of something
Knowledge
We acquire knowledge using our senses
empiricism
knowledge acquired by thinking with the use of mind
Rationalist
The following individuals are empiricist except
Rene Descartes
The following individuals are rationalist except...
David Hume
Our first and only contact wih reality is through our senses
Perception
Knowledge begins with?
perceptual knowledge
an abstract or generic idea generalized from particular instances
Concept
Statements about the world or reality and thus may or may not carry the truth
Proposition
Propositions or statements observed to be real and truthful
Facts
Proposition that requires further examination; can be contested
Claim
series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader/listener that a claim/opinion is truthful
Argument
Truth is related to a general agreement or consensus on what is right as opposed to what is wrong
Social Domain
truth is related to "sincerity"; consistent to inner thoughts and intentions
Personal Domain
has passed the "procedures of justification"
Truth
Process of proving the truth or validity of a statement
Justification
Truths are tested against empirical evidence
objective domain
related to scientific truths; pertains to the natural world that maintains a relative independence from the perspective and attitude of human beings that perceived them
objective domain
truths are tested against the consistency and authenticity of the person who claims it
Personal Domain
Is knowledge validated based on the facts of reality
Truth
A statement of judgement of a person about something in the world
opinion
judgement based on certain facts; could still be contested or questioned
Conclusion
Statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facfs
Beliefs
an opinion has the following characteristics
*cannot be confirmed
*open to interpretation
*based on emotions
*inherently biased
Truth has the following characteristics:
*Can be confirmed with other sources
*independent of ones interpretation, prefetences and biases
*based on the facts of reality
It argues that an idea that corresponds with reality is true while and idea, which does not correspond with reality is false
Correspondence theory of truth
Deal with the consistency ot the truth of statements being claimed within the system that is being used or employed
Coherence Theory of truth
The theory that states that a belief or statement is true if it has a useful practical application
Pragmatic theory of truth
The dialectic method is formulated by?
Socrates
The socratic method was modernized by a german philosopher
George Wilhelm Hegel
Hegel refers to this as the collective consciousness of a society
SPIRIT
The pragmatic method was popularized by?
William James
It aims to test the view of science, religion and philosophy by their practical results
Pragmatic Method
He desire for the person to realize his ignorance and contradictions, and there by correcting his own mistake arriving at a complete knowledge
Socrates
He was accused for not worshipping the greek god and corrupting the mind of the youth
socrates
The phenomenological method was conceived by
edmund husserl
According to him, reflection arise when a disruption occur to your normal routine and when something vulnerable is at stake
Gabriel Marcel
The primary and secondary reflection answers the question...
who am i?
Its task to clarify how philosophers used words through an analysis of language
Analytic Method
Analytic method was initiated by philosophers at cambridge, which of the individuals does not belong
George wilhelm Hegel
Group of statements that appear to be arguments, buf fails to support the conclusion
Fallacies
Attacking the person instead of the argument(fallacy)
Argumentum ad hominem
When a person use threat or force to advance an argument (fallacy)
Argumentum ad baculum (appeal to force)
a person uses emotion to convince someone(fallacy)
Argumentum ad misercordiam (appeal to pity)
the idea is acceptable because a lot of people accept it (fallacy)
argumentum ad populum
the idea is acceptable because its has been practice a long time(fallacy)
argumentum ad tradition
when a person could not give a counter argument or if he/she could not present any evidences(fallacy)
argumentatum ad ignorantiam
also known as circular argument (fallacy)
petitio principii (begging the question)
generalization based on insufficient evidence(fallacy)
hasty generalization
cause and effect relationship between unrelated events
cause and effect (post hoc, ergo, propter hoc)
individual to whole(fallacy)
fallacy of composition
all to individual(fallacy)
fallacy of division
using the same term in different situation wth different meaning(fallacy)
fallacy of equivocation
when an attemlts to apply a general rule to one irrelevant situation (fallacy)
fallacy of accident
when a person uses a name of celebrity/expert to put more weight in the assertion(fallacy)
argumentum ad verecundiam
you are only given two option to choose from(fallacy)
False Dichotomy(false dillema)
changing the topic or diverting and makes an argument out of it (fallacy)
Red Herring