practical lab 4
5 major features of phylum chordata
dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal pouches, gland or tissue that concentrates iodine, post anal tail
subphylum of chordata
vertebrata
perch
phylum Chordata subphylum vertebrata
body shape of perch
fusiform
covers scales on perch
layer of mucous for protection
pigmented line extending from dorsal border of the operculum posteriorly to the tail
lateral line system
nose of perch
4 nasal apertures called nares
fins on perch
pectorial fins, pelvic fins, anal fin, caudal fin, anterior dorsal fin, posterior dorsal fin
muscle systems on perch
axial and appendicular
axial muscle system in perch
longitudinal muscles of the body
appendicular muscles of perch
muscles of the limbs are girdles
perch's move by
lateral undulations of the body produced by waves of contraction of the axial muscle mass, larger muscle is required for locomotion
gastrointestinal tract
tube starting at the mouth and emptying either into a cloaca or the external environment via the anus
GI tract in the Chordates is divided into
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. accessory organs include teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver and gallbladder
lumen of the digestive tract can be thought of as ___ with the external environment
continuous
major products of digestion in chrodates are
monosaccharides, glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids
intestine of herbivores is usually ___ than omnivores and especially carnivores
longer
herbivores depend on ___ for digestion and often have a ___ at the end of their digestive tract
bacteria and protozoa, caecum
caeca job is to
increase surface area of digestive tract
in fish the mouth opens into the ___
oropharyngeal cavity
fish have salivary glands T or F
false
all mammals have salivary glands T or F
true
molars are characteristic of
herbivores
canines are characteristic of
carnivores
premolars and incisors are characteristic of
herbivores, omnivores, and carnivores
premolars are used for
slicing and cutting except in herbivores
incisors are used for
biting
in chordates the kidneys
eliminate nitrogenous wastes of cellular metabolism and other things in the blood
holobranches
gills with double sets of filaments
counter current system
the blood flow is opposite to the flow of water over the gills
marine fish excrete ___ via ___
excess salts the gills
freshwater fish ___ via ___
absorb salt the gills
perch have a ___ circulatory system
closed, low-pressure single-type system where there is one pump in the heart and a single circuit of blood flow. the heart pumps only deoxygenated blood
rat locomotion
digitigrade locomotion
origin of rat tail scales
epidermal
nares
nostrils
long sensory hairs on a rat
vibrissae
external ear folds on a rat
pinna
axial muscles in rat
supports vertebral collumn and head
ventral musculature in rats
differentiated into thin broad layers of muscle that support the thoracic and abdominal walls and breathing movements
some ventral muscles in tetrapods support
transfer of body weight to pectoral girdle and appendages
rats only have these teeth
incisors
the coelom in rats is
the body cavity with the viscera suspended
abdominal cavity and viscera are covered by
membranous tissue called the peritoneum
parts if the kidney
medulla and cortex
cortex in kidney
outer portion
medulla
inner region of kidney
circulatory system of a rat
high pressure double circulatory system with a double pump with two circuits of blood flow, systematic and pulmonary