232 Changing Weight & Body Composition
What are the body comp estimation methods and their criticisms?
1. hydrostatic weighing
- measuring displacement of water
- have to get all the air out of the lungs
2. Air displacement plesmography (bod pod)
- similar to hydrostatic weighing
- must sit extremely still
- size is fixed
3. bioelectrical impedence
- the fitness world thing
- hydration/bladder fullness has a huge effect on results
4. skinfold measurements
5. Dexoscan
- gets more at where fat and lean mass is distributed
- basically a low dose xray
- exposed to low dose radiation
6. CT scan/MRI
What are the essential BF%'s for men and women?
3% men
12% women
What are the healthy BF% ranges for men and women?
12-15% men
25-28% women
What are the ways in which BF% can increase?
Hyperplasia: increase in cell #
- mainly happens in adolecence
Hypertrophy: incerase in cell size
What are the factors that influlence body comp?
1. Genetics
- hight, fat storage, weight, metabolism
- leptin, MCR4 (hunger signals)
2. Environment
- food choices
- portion sizes
- finances
- exercise/activity
- daily living
3. Gut microbiome
- Dybiosis (microbe imbalance) leading to inflammatory state
- Increased fimicutes and fewer bacteroidetes in obese people
- Obesity associated with increased short chain fatty acid production
What are some biological appetite suppressors?
INSULIN
- B cells of pancreas
- increases with blood glucose
- stimulates leptin
LEPTIN
- white adipose tissue
- increases with overfeeding or increased adipose tissue
CHOLECYSTOKININ
- intestines
- increases during and after a meal
PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE
- pancreas
- during a meal
GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1
- intestine
- during and after a meal
- inhibits glucagon and suppresses appetite
PEPTIDE YY
- intestine
- after a meal
What are some appetite stimulants?
GHRELIN
- stomach, duodenim
- in between meals
ADIPONECTIN
- Adipocytes
- with decreased fat mass
- protects against insulin resistance and dyslipidemia
What are the implications of being chronically underweight?
PHYSIOLOGICAL
- increased serum lipids
- decreased BP
- decreased RMR
- Hormonal disruption (thyroid hormones, cortisol, IGF-1, ghrelin, leptin, insulin)
- cognitive performance declines
- GI upset
- Impaired immune response
What are the effects of being chronically overweight?
- Type 2 diabetes
- Gallbladder disease
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- gout
- Colon, kidneya and esophagus cancer
- some other cancer i didnt see in time
what are the effects of a 5-10% mass loss campaign?
- yeah we're writing this one later
What are some disadvantages of BMI?
- only uses total weight to determine body composition
- based on white males
- doesn't consider fat distribution
What are the waist to hip ratios by ethnicity?
*do later*
What is the Edmonton Obesity Staging System? (EOSS)
3 variables to measure:
- metabolic health
- metrics of physical function
- psychological factors
What happes when we starve?
1. beccoming obsessed with food --> cognitive
2. Becoming possessive of food --> behavioural
- behaviors continued into the rehab phase
3. increased anxiety, depressive symptoms, irritability --> emotional
4. weight loss, GI difficulties, decreased need for sleep --> physical
name the 3 diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa:
1. intense fear of weight gain
2. restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight
3. persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of this decreased body weight
name the 4 diagnostic criteria for Bulimia
1. binge eating episodes in a discrete period (<2 hours) at least once a week over 3 or more months
2. reoccuring compensatory behaviours (see psych 102)
3. a self evaluation unduly influenced by body image
4. something on the lsides i didnt catch it
Name the diagnostic criteria for binge eating disorder
1. binge eating once a week for 3 months
2. binge eating includes:
- much faster eating
- ignoring hunger cues
- uncomfortably full
- eating alone because of embarrassment
- feelinngs of shame, guilt after
What is an Other Specified Eating Disorder?
includes a wide range of eating problems that do not meet the specific criteria for anorexia, bulimia or binge eating