PSYC1113 Final Exam
You took your daughter to the medical clinic to receive a flu shot. Now, every time the child sees a white coat, she is scared. What is the conditioned stimulus?
A) fear
B) flushot
C)medical clinic
D)white coat
white coat
Augustin's girlfriend has worn the same perfume every time they have been together. One
day as he is walking through the mall, he smells her perfume on another woman and finds
that he immediately began to think romantic thoughts about his girlfriend. In this example,
the smell of the perfume is a(n)
A) conditioned response
B)unconditioned stimulis
C)conditonal stimulis
D)unconditioned response
conditoned stimulus
You are trying to train your cat Stanley to stay off the kitchen counters. Every time he jumps up on the counter, you spray him with water, which he hates. In this example, the water is the
_, and the counter is the_
A) CR : UCR
B) UCR : CR
C) CS : UCS
D) UCS : CS
UCS : CS
Rosa becomes anxious when she enters the examination room at the clinic before a blood test. She also squirms when she views injections on television. This paragraph illustrates
A)Stimulus generalization
B) operant conditioning
C) non-associative learning
D) sensitization
stimulus generalization
Your cat, Tikki, always comes running when he hears you shake the bag of cat food because he thinks you are going to feed him. Now, suddenly, he comes running when he hears you shake a bag of rice. This is an example of_
A) higher-order conditioning
B) stimulus generalization
C) extinction
D) stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
Psychologists use the term _ to refer to a lasting change in behaviours resulting from experience
A) maturation
B) cognition
C) learning
D) development
learning
When people with phobias are exposed to their feared stimulus, what brain region have neuroimaging
studies found to activate rapidly?
A) occipital lobe
B) prefrontal cortex
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala
amydgala
The first time Aicha purchased a coffee from the local coffee shop, she noticed the warning,
"Caution! Beverage is hot!" Now, after three years of regularly stopping by that coffee shop for coffee, she no longer notices the warning message. What type of learning has occurred for Aicha?
A) non-associative learning
B) associative learning
C) sensitization
D) habituation
habituation
Pay cheques are delivered on a _ schedule of reinforcement.
A) variable-ratio
B) fixed-ratio
C) fixed-interval
D) variable-interval
Fixed interval
Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?
A) you clean your room because your mother said she would take your PlayStation 3 away if you did not
B) you clean your room because you cannot stand hearing your mother nag at you anymore
C) you clean your room because your mother said she would make you do extra chores if you did
D) you clean your room because your mother promised you a chocolate bar if you did
you clean your room because your mother said she would make you do extra chores if you did not
Repeating behaviour is to _ as weakening behaviour is to _
A) punishment; reinforcement
B) reinforcement; punishment
C) positive; negative
D) positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
reinforcement; punishment
Rachana was annoyed by the dinging sound her car made when her seatbelt was NOT fastened, so she decided to fasten her seatbelt before she started the car to avoid hearing the dinging sound. What learning phenomenon is associated with the removal of such an aversive stimulus?
A) negative punishment
C) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
D) positive punishment
negative reinforcement
Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of stages in the three-stage memory model, from first to last?
A. working memory - sensory memory → long-term memory
B. sensory memory → working memory → long-term memory
C. working memory → long term
memory → sensory memory
D. sensory memory → long term memory →working memory
sensory memory → working memory → long-term memory
Which of the following memory processes is associated with retaining memories for future use
A. memorization
B. encoding
C. storage
D. retrieval
storage
Saving money for retirement could be compared to
A. encoding information into memory.
B. storing information in memory.
C. both encoding and storing information in memory.
D. retrieving information from memory.
storing information in memory.
Aleena and her husband are buying their first home, and their agent is about to show them a listing. As Aleena walks in, she quickly scans the environment and tries to take everything in. She knows that she will be relying on this memory when it comes to deciding, so she wants to make sure she remembers every detail. What basic activity of memory is Aleena doing?
A. retrieval
B. processing
C. storage
D. encoding
encoding
Harpreet is looking up a postal code for a letter she needs to mail. She finds the postal code and says it repeatedly in her head as she writes it on the envelope. According to the information-processing model of memory, what memory store would Athena be using?
A.sensory memory
B.working memory
C.permanent memory
D.long-term memory
working memory
John has just witnessed a car hit a parked car and then speed off. He quickly makes note of the licence plate and says it repeatedly in her head. What memory store would John be using to rehearse the licence plate in his head?
A.long-term memory
B.sensory memory
C.phonological loop
D.visuospatial sketchpad
phonological loop
Which of the following is a type of explicit memory?
A. procedural memory
B.episodic memory
C.classically conditioned memory
D.priming
episodic memory
Yang is looking at some fabric and imagining the beautiful evening dress he could design out of it. It would have a draping back, fitted around the torso with a long draping skirt that trailed behind. What memory store would Isaac be using to imagine the finished dress?
A. long-term memory
B. sensory memory
C. phonological loop
D. visuospatial sketchpad
visuospatial sketchpad
A person's memory for personal events or moments from their life is
A.implicit memory.
B.episodic memory.
C.semantic memory.
D.procedural memory.
episodic memory.
Memories that a person is NOT consciously aware of knowing or having learned are called
A. semantic.
B.implicit.
C.episodic.
D.explicit.
implicit
Gilbert knows that the capital of Newfoundland is St. John's. This is an example of a(n) _ memory.
A.procedural
B.episodic
C.implicit
D.semantic
semantic
Daria usually "crams" for tests the night before they are given. Jun-suh generally studies each of his courses for about 45 minutes each night throughout the term. Daria relies on _ while Jun-suh relies on _
A. automatic processing ; massed practice
B.distributed practice; massed practice
C.massed practice; distributed practice
D.effortful processing; automatic processing
massed practice; distributed practice
"I know it! It's um, ... um. It starts with "G'," begins a trivia game contestant excitedly.
The contestant is falling prey to the
A. motivated forgetting
B.proactive interference
C.tip-of-the-tongue
D.flashbulb memory
tip-of-the-tongue
A stereotype is
A a persistent negative attitude about a group of people
B.a generalized impression about a group of people
C.an attitude that is used to justify discrimination
D.positive, while prejudice is negative
B.a generalized impression about a group of people
A learned, negative attitude toward members of a group that includes thoughts, feelings, and behavioural tendencies is
A. a stereotype
B.discrimination
C.implicit bias
D.prejudice
prejudice
Daniel is trying to convince his parents to lend him the car to go to a party. He tells his parents that he will be sure to have the car back to 4 a.m. After his parents refuse, he then says, "Ok, can I borrow it if I promise to bring the car home by midnight?" Which technique is Marlon using to persuade his parents to lend him the car?
A.the foot-in-the-door technique
B.the door-in-the-face technique
C.the first-refusal technique
D.the slow-and-steady technique
the door-in-the-face technique
When Jerry saw an unknown man on the sidewalk stagger and fall Jerry assumed that the man was drunk. This causal explanation for another person's behaviour is known as
A.groupthink
B.attitudes
C.attribution
D.social cognition
attribution
Aldiyar's friend tells him that he recently backed his car into another vehicle. Aldiyar thinks his friend is very careless. Which of the following is demonstrated by this example?
A. actor-observer bias
B.situational bias
C.self-serving bias
D.fundamental attribution error
D.fundamental attribution error
What is the difference between the foot-in-the-door technique and the door-in-the-face technique?
A. The foot-in-the-door first makes a small request and then a smaller request, whereas the door-in-the-face first makes a large request and then a larger request.
B. The foot-in-the-door first makes a small request and then a large request, whereas the door-in-the-face first makes a large request and then a small request.
C. The foot-in-the-door first makes a large request and then a small request, whereas the door-in-the-face first makes a small request and then a large request.
D. The foot-in-the-door first makes a large request and then a larger request, whereas the door-in-the-face first makes a small request and then a smaller request.
B. The foot-in-the-door first makes a small request and then a large request, whereas the door-in-the-face first makes a large request and then a small request.
Which of the following exhibits prejudice but NOT discrimination?
A. Refusing to hire a minority applicant because the shopkeeper feels people from this group cannot be trusted.
B. Hiring a minority salesclerk because the owner feels it will make his store more diverse.
C. Choosing a minority salesclerk for a position because his record and references are the best.
D.Denying a salesclerk job to a minority applicant because the owner feels she may drive away customers.
B. Hiring a minority salesclerk because the owner feels it will make his store more diverse.
After he failed a math exam, James blamed his friend for not studying harder rather than finding out whether he was ill or stressed. His assignment of blame is known as the
A. the mere-exposure effect
B.fundamental attribution error
C.the actor-observer effect
D.saliency bias
B.fundamental attribution error
Which of the following examples includes an example of discrimination but NOT prejudice?
A. Allowing members of a visible minority entrance into a restaurant because the restaurant is open to all who can pay.
B. Refusing members of a visible minority entrance into a restaurant because the owner fears Caucasians in the restaurant will react.
C. Allowing members of a visible minority entrance into a restaurant because the owner hopes to attract more members of the group.
D. Refusing members of a visible minority entrance into a restaurant because the owner does not have a positive attitude toward the group.
Refusing members of a visible minority entrance into a restaurant because the owner fears Caucasians in the restaurant will react.
Attribution is _
A. the study of how others influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions, as well as group and intergroup dynamics
B. how we explain our own and others' actions
C. how we think about and interpret ourselves and others
D. the learned predisposition to respond cognitively, affectively, and behaviourally to a particular object, person, place, thing, or event in an evaluative way
how we explain our own and others' actions
In what way is prejudice different from discrimination?
A.Prejudice includes no behavioural component.
B. Prejudice includes emotions and feelings.
C. Prejudice comes about because of social learning.
D.Prejudice is an attitude not an action.
Prejudice is an attitude not an action.
Sarah did not do well on her test in Psychology, she blamed the professor or instructor for making the test hard and not lecturing properly. However, Sarah did not study properly for the test and started studying for the test, two days before the test. What causal attribution error is Sarah making?
A. Dispositional attribution
B. Situational attribution
C. Person attribution
D. Fundamental attribution
Situational attribution
In the movie Daniella is watching, one of the characters is celebrating their birthday.
Suddenly, Daniella remembers that it is her mother's birthday, so she quickly picks up the phone to call her. According to Freud, her mother's birthday would have been in Sienna's_
A unconscious mind
B.subconscious mind
C.preconscious mind
D.conscious mind
preconscious mind
The operates on the reality principle; the _ operates on the morality
principle; the _operates on the pleasure principle.
A.ego; id; superego
B.ego; superego; id
C.superego; ego; id D.id; ego; superego
ego; superego; id
If the ego is NOT able to find compromises between the id and the superego, what is likely to happen, according to Freud?
A. The ego will repress everything.
B. The person may become neurotic
C. The conscience and the super ego will win out
D.The needs of the id will win out.
The person may become neurotic
Lee's doctor is concerned that she might be at risk for developing diabetes and has told her to significantly cut back on sugar. Lee is at a party and offered a delicious dessert. Which of the following will Lee's ego likely "say" to the id?
A. "You should eat it. People will think you are rude if you refuse to eat something everyone else is having."
B. "Go ahead
eat it - you deserve a treat after a hard week."
C. "You can't have the entire thing, but a small serving won't hurt you and it would be polite."
D. "Eating dessert when you have been told not to is wrong. Do you want your children to have a sick mother?"
You can't have the entire thing, but a small serving won't hurt you and it would be polite."
Ryder sees a video game that he wants in the store, but he does not have enough money.
He decides to steal it. What aspect of his personality controlling Ryder's behaviour?
A.superego
B.conscious
C.id
D.ego
id
A drug addict, whose family has no food to eat, spends half his paycheck on cocaine.
When guilt settles in, he tells himself that his wife does not even have a job and that he needs the drug to relax so he can succeed at work. Which defense mechanism is he most likely using?
A. repression
B.projection
C.denial
D. rationalization
rationalization
The Oedipus complex happens to _ at the stage of development.
A. girls; phallic
B. girls; genital
C. boys; genital
D.boys; phallic
boys; phallic
Aaliyah has been studying for a long time because she knows that she is behind because she has been partying instead of studying over the week and needs to make up the work.
She knows she needs to study more but she is hungry and tired. So, she closes her books, eats something, and goes to bed. The part of the personality that influenced her behaviour is the_
A.superego
B.id
C.conscious mind
D.ego
id
Nikola chews incessantly on her fingernails, and when she's not doing that, she's smoking or chewing on pens. According to Freud, at what stage of psychosexual development would Nikola be fixated?
A. latency
B.oral
C.anal
D.phallic
oral
Jaspreet's friends describe her as impulsive, sociable, and assertive. Which of Eysenck's superfactors does she most likely possess?
introversion
B.neuroticism
C.psychoticism
D.extraversion
extraversion
Under which assessment category does the Rorschach Inkblot Test fall?
A.personality inventories
B.observations
C.projective tests
D.interviews
projective tests
Skinner's concept of response tendencies is most closely related to
A.reciprocal determinism
B.interactionism
C.empiricism
D.situationism
situationism
Kamala is shown a series of ambiguous pictures and asked to tell a story about what is going on between the people in the picture. Which test is Kamala taking?
A.TAT
B.NEO-PI-R
C.Rorschach
D.MMPI
TAT
Charlotte talks to everyone she meets, whether it is at the post office, on the train, or in a doctor's office. She enjoys talking to people to find out their stories, and she likes to tell them about her life. Charlotte has been like this since she was a child. Charlotte would score high for
A.conscientiousness
B.extroversion
C.openness
D.neuroticism
extroversion
The assumption that personality influences and is influenced by thought, behaviours and environmental experiences is most consistent with_ theories.
A. psychoanalytic
B. biological
C.trait
D.social-cognitive
social-cognitive
Which of the following theorists best exemplifies the interactionist position?
A. Eysenck
B.Bandura
C.Skinner
D.Allport
Bandura