urinary system
urinary system also known as________
genitourinary system (GUT)
what is the function of urinary system
Functions:
–Production of Urine which maintains homeostasis or internal balance by regulating the volume and chemical composition of blood (water, salts, acids, bases).
–Filter nitrogenous wastes, toxins, ions, etc. from blood to be excreted as urine.
•GFR= 180 liters (50 gal) of blood/day
•178-179 liters are reabsorbed back into blood
–Produce regulatory enzymes.
•Renin – regulates BP/ kidney function (increases blood pressure by activating angiotensin).
– regulates BP/ kidney function (increases blood pressure by activating 𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙞𝙤𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙨𝙞𝙣).
- release from kidney
Renin (it is an enzyme)
what will happen if theres a problem of your kidney or (renal pain)
Edema (nahupong)
the major organ of urinary
1. kidney
2. ureter
3. urinary bladder
4. urethra
urination is also know as ________ is the excretion of urine, especially when excessive
diuresis
refers to structures that lie behind the peritoneum.
Retroperitoneal
the sign of a person is dehydrated
change in blood pressure
what will happen if there is an excessive fluid loss
dehydration
why does the urine smell sttink
Ammonia
how many liters does your blood go to your kidney per day
180 liters
the absorption of your kidney is _______ liters and _____ will be excreted
- 179 liters
- 1 liter
step by step of urination
blood will enter the ->kidney an it will -> filtration -> tubular reabsorption -> secretion -> urine
nitrogenous wastes
- urea
- uric acid
- ammonia
if the patient has 𝙡𝙤𝙬 𝙗𝙥 the liver will produce the hormone called ___________
angiotensinogen
renin acts on angiotensinogen to form ___________
angiotensin I.
enzyme that release from your lungs to activate the angiotensil I is called ________
ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme)
ACE act on angiotensin I to form _______
angiotensin II
angiotensin II acts on the adrenal gland to stimulate release of ____________
aldosterone
- it act on the kidneys to stimulate 𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙗𝙨𝙤𝙧𝙥𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 of (𝙨𝙤𝙙𝙞𝙪𝙢) salt (NaCl) and 𝙬𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙧 (H2O).
- it will restored the normal blood volume
- hormone that causes the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidney
aldosterone
- it also acts directly on blood vessel, stimulating 𝙫𝙖𝙨𝙤𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 (narrowing)
- the effect of this narrowing it increase the blood pressure
angiotensin II
– stimulates RBC production from red bone marrow.
- The kidneys produce _______________ when oxygen levels in the cells are low
Erythropoietin
what is the causes of the release of erythropoeitin
hypoxia
convert vitamin D
sunlight -> skin -> the sunlight will convert your 7- dehydrocholesterol -> cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) inactive form-> it process to liver to become 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-> it should be process to the kidney to become 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 (active form of vitamin D) (maintain calcium balance in the body)
function of vitamin D
- it will increase calcium absorption
- it will make your bone strong
what disease that cause of low vitamin D (it cause the bone)
osteomalacia/rickets
–Lie against posterior abdominal wall at level of T12-L3.
–Right kidney is lower than left kidney due to the shape of the liver.
–Average size – 12cm x 6cm x 3 cm
–Weights 150 grams or 5 oz
Kidney
– fibrous barrier surrounds the kidney and is closely applied to its outer surface
Renal capsule
- fatty tissue which covers the fibrous capsule
Perirenal fat/ Adipose capsule
– dense fibrous tissue anchors kidneys/ adrenals/ renal capsule/perirenal fat to surroundings.
Renal fascia (Gerota’s Fascia)
- this lies external to the renal fascia and is often in large quantity. It forms part of the retroperitoneal fat.
Pararenal fat
–the kidney Surrounded by the following membranes (deep to superficial)
1. Renal capsule
2. Perirenal fat/ Adipose capsule
3. Renal fascia (Gerota’s Fascia).
4. Pararenal fat
–Opening to Kidney
Renal Hilum
–Space within hilus
–Kidneys receive blood vessels and nerves.
Renal Sinus
–Bring blood in and out of kidney
Renal arteries and veins
–Outer layer of Kidney
Renal cortex
–Inner layer of Kidney
–Composed of renal pyramids, each having its base oriented towards the cortex and its apex (renal papilla), projecting medially
Renal medulla
–Space between pyramids within the medula
Renal Columns
–Narrow end of pyramid
Renal Papilla
Collecting tubes
Calyx (ces)
–Upper expanded of the ureter; Collecting vessel prior to ureter
Renal Pelvis
–The functional excretory unit of the kidney that regulates the amount of water in the body and filters wastes from the blood to produce urine.
- 1 million per kidney
Nephron
Two types of nephron
1. Cortical nephrons
2. Juxtamedullary nephrons
•~85% of all nephrons
•Located in the cortex
1. Cortical nephronss
•Closer to renal medulla
•Loops of Henle extend deep into renal pyramids
2. Juxtamedullary nephrons
–Two muscular tubes (25 cm long) that extend from the kidney to the posterior surface of the urinary bladder.
– The urine is propelled along the ureter by peristaltic contractions of the muscle coat
Ureters
–Muscular sac on floor of pelvic cavity
–Muscle layer formed by 𝙙𝙚𝙩𝙧𝙪𝙨𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙪𝙨𝙘𝙡𝙚
–𝘼𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙗𝙡𝙖𝙙𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙢𝙚 𝙞𝙨 500 ml (Max capacity is 700-800 ml)
–𝙏𝙧𝙞𝙜𝙤𝙣𝙚 is a 𝙨𝙢𝙤𝙤𝙩𝙝 𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙧 𝙧𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙤𝙣 of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two 𝙪𝙧𝙚𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙡 𝙤𝙧𝙞𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙚𝙨 and the 𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙪𝙧𝙚𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙖𝙡 𝙤𝙧𝙞𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙚.
Urinary Bladder
–Sphincter of the urinary bladder
1.Internal urethral sphincter:
2.External Urethral sphincter:
•Smooth muscle
•Involuntary control
•More superiorly located
1.Internal urethral sphincter:
•Skeletal muscle
•Voluntary control
•Posteriorly located
2.External Urethral sphincter:
–Conveys urine out of body
–Female urethra – 3 - 4 cm
–Opens into external urethral orifice
–Lies between vaginal orifice and clitoris
–Male urethra – 18 cm
–3 regions
•Prostatic urethra – 2.5 cm
•Membranous urethra – 0.5 cm
•Penile urethra – 15 cm
Urethra
–Nephron functions include:
•Production of filtrate
•Reabsorption of organic nutrients
•Reabsorption of water and ions
•Secretion of waste products into tubular fluid
nephrone Consists of a ____________
glomerulus and tubules
•globular structures of entwined blood vessels or a network (tuft) of capillaries that performs the first step of filtering blood.
•The ________- is surrounded by Bowman's capsule. The blood plasma is filtered through the capillaries of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule. The Bowman's capsule empties the filtrate into the tubules
–Glomerulus
–Nephron Tubular system
•Proximal convoluted tubule
•Loop of Henle (nephron loop)
oDescending limb
oAscending limb
•Distal convoluted tubule
•Collecting duct
Nephron: Vascular System
–A glomerulus 𝙧𝙚𝙘𝙚𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙨 its 𝙗𝙡𝙤𝙤𝙙 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙡𝙮 from an ____1_____ of the renal circulation. Unlike most other capillary beds, the glomerulus 𝙙𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙨 into an ______2_____ rather than a venule. The resistance of these arterioles results in high pressure within the glomerulus, aiding the process of ultrafiltration, where fluids and soluble materials in the blood are forced out of the capillaries and into 𝘽𝙤𝙬𝙢𝙖𝙣'𝙨 𝙘𝙖𝙥𝙨𝙪𝙡𝙚.
1. afferent arteriole
2. 𝙚𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙤𝙡𝙚
Capillary beds reabsorb in cortex
Peritubular capillaries
Capillary beds reabsorb in medulla
Vasa recta
Stages of Urine Formation
1. Filtration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion
4. Water conservation
involves the transfer of soluble components such as water and waste from the blood into the glomerulus.
1. Filtration
involves the absorption of molecules, ions, and water that are necessary for the body to maintain homeostasis from the glomerular filtrate back into the blood.
2. Reabsorption
is the process in which renal tubule extracts chemicals from the capillary's blood and secretes them into the tubular fluid. This process serves two main purposes: waste removal and acid-base balance.
a. 𝙒𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙚 𝙧𝙚𝙢𝙤𝙫𝙖𝙡. Urea, uric acid, bile acids, ammonia, and creatinine are secreted into the renal tubule. Tubular secretion clears the blood of pollutants and drugs as well. One reason why so many drugs (prescription drugs) must be taken three to four times per day is to maintain the therapeutically effective drug concentration in the blood, to compensate for the rate of clearance, through tubular secretion.
b. Maintaining the 𝙖𝙘𝙞𝙙-𝙗𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙗𝙖𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚. Tubular secretion of hydrogen and bicarbonate irons serves to regulate the pH of the body's fluids.
3. Secretion
This is the final stage of urine formation. The kidneys are not only responsible for eliminating metabolic wastes from the body but they also prevent excessive water loss, in doing so. This is very important in maintaining the body's fluid balance. Urine is made up mostly of water. It plays a significant role in the entire process of waste elimination. If, however, too much water is removed from the body, it results in dehydration, which could lead to other serious medical conditions.
Water conservation
- is a process in which water and some other substances in the blood plasma pass from the capillaries of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule.
- A 𝙜𝙡𝙤𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙪𝙡𝙪𝙨 and its surrounding 𝘽𝙤𝙬𝙢𝙖𝙣'𝙨 𝙘𝙖𝙥𝙨𝙪𝙡𝙚 constitute a 𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙘𝙤𝙧𝙥𝙪𝙨𝙘𝙡𝙚, the basic filtration unit of the kidney.
Glomerular filtration
- part of the nephron that majority of reabsorption happen
- The PCT reabsorbs 60-70% of the filtrate produced
• Reabsorption of most organic nutrients
• Active and passive reabsorption of sodium and other ions
• Reabsorption of water
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
- Creates a 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙩 of increasing sodium ion concentration towards the end of the loop within the interstitial fluid of the renal pyramid. (descending limb and ascending limb)
Loop of Henle
- Under the influence of the hormone aldosterone, reabsorbs sodium and secretes potassium.
- 𝘼𝙡𝙙𝙤𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙚: A hormone produced by the outer portion (cortex) of the adrenal gland. Aldosterone regulates the balance of water and electrolytes in the body, encouraging the kidney to excrete potassium into the urine and retain sodium, thereby retaining water. It is classified as a mineralocorticoid hormone.
- Also regulates pH by secreting hydrogen ion when pH of the plasma is low.
- 𝘿𝘾𝙏 performs 𝙛𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙖𝙙𝙟𝙪𝙨𝙩𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙤𝙛 𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙚
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
- Travels down into medulla
- Reabsorption of water
- 𝘼𝘿𝙃 (𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙙𝙞𝙪𝙧𝙚𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙝𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙤𝙣𝙚)- makes collecting ducts more permeable to water (Water leaves tubule and enters blood),which produces 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙚.
Collecting duct
When bladder fills with 200 ml of urine, stretch receptors transmit impulses to the CNS and produce a reflex contraction of the bladder (PNS)
Diuresis (Micturition)
- A hard granule of calcium, phosphate, uric acid and protein.
- Examples: Calcium oxalate (most common), Calcium phosphate
Struvite, Uric acid, Cystine
- Form in renal pelvis and get lodged in pelvis or ureter.
- Caused by many factors such as some metabolic diseases, urinary tract infections, dehydration, pH imbalances and diet.
- Treated with stone dissolving drugs, surgical removal, or lithotripsy (ultrasonic vibrations)
Kidney stones (Renal calculi)
- The rate at which blood is filtered through all of the glomeruli, and thus the measure of the overall renal function, is the _________
•Amount of filtrate produced in the kidneys each minute
- Water, ions, amino acids, and glucose get into capsular space from blood; Glomerular filtration produces fluid similar to plasma without proteins (Proteins stay in blood in normal kidneys – too big to leave capillaries)
- 𝙂𝙡𝙤𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙧 𝙛𝙞𝙡𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙚 (𝙂𝙁𝙍)
- makes collecting ducts more permeable to water (Water leaves tubule and enters blood),which produces 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙚.
- a hormone released by the 𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙤𝙧 𝙥𝙞𝙩𝙪𝙞𝙩𝙖𝙧𝙮 𝙜𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙 that constricts small blood vessels and increases the absorption of water by the kidney. Also called 𝙑𝙖𝙨𝙤𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙣. (dehydrated decrease ADH)
𝙒𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙚 𝙡𝙤𝙨𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙧𝙚𝙜𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙗𝙮 𝙖𝙡𝙙𝙤𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝘼𝘿𝙃
Increase Aldosterone and ADH will cause increase sodium retention and water reabsorption. This will result to increase blood volume and concentrated urine production.
- 𝘼𝘿𝙃 (𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙙𝙞𝙪𝙧𝙚𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙝𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙤𝙣𝙚)-
• 𝘼𝘿𝙃 (𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙙𝙞𝙪𝙧𝙚𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙝𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙤𝙣𝙚)- a hormone released by the 𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙤𝙧 𝙥𝙞𝙩𝙪𝙞𝙩𝙖𝙧𝙮 𝙜𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙 that constricts small blood vessels and increases the absorption of water by the kidney. Also called _________. (dehydrated decrease ADH)
𝙑𝙖𝙨𝙤𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙣