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chapter 41

community

a group of populations of different species living close enough to interact

interspecific interactions

competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism

competition

-/-
strong competition can lead to competitive exclusion principle, character displacement

competitive exclusion principle

two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in an environment

character displacement

tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than allopatric populations of the same two species

resource partitioning

differentiation of ecological niches enabling similar species to coexist in a community

exploitation

one feeds off another: predation, herbivory, parasitism

aposematic colouration

neon colourful animals to warn others they are poisonous

batesian mimicry

mimic warning colouration to avoid being eaten

parasitism

parasite derives nutrients from the host harming it

endoparasites

live inside a host

ectoparasites

live on surface of host

social parasites

take advantage of social interactions of host (making them raise their young)

adaptations of avian brood parasites

host selection, synchronize egg paying with hosts, removal of some or all of host clutch or brood, exaggerated begging displays, in ejector species mimicry of host eggs and nestlings

positive interactions

both are not harmed: mutualism (+/+) commensalism (+/0)

mutualism

interspecific interaction benefitting both species, can be obligate where one species needs other to survive, or facultative where both can survive alone

commensalism

one species benefits the other is unaffected

species diversity

the variety of organisms that make up the community

species richness

the total number of different species in the community

relative abundance

proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community

foundation species

exert strong effects on communities due to their large size or high abundance

keystone species

exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles or niches, most important but not always most abundant

ecosystem engineers

cause physical changes to the environment that effect community structure

decades ago ecosystems were thought to run by

maintaining a state of equilibrium

immediate disturbance hypothesis

moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater diversity than either nigh or low levels of disturbance

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