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acid bases and salts

groups of chemicals

-acids -bases -metals -non-metals -covalent compounds -ionic compounds

acids

non-metals compounds in water can be concentrated or dilute

how do you test for acids

litmus test

how does litmus show acids

it turns red

bases

oxides and hydroxides of metals

alkalis

soluble bases they are hydroxides

what is the test for alkalis

calcium hydroxide + water = lime water (alkalis dissolved in water form an alkalis solution)

how does litmus show alkalis

litmus turns blue

what do all acids have in common

solutions of acids contain hydrogen ions

what do all alkalis have in common

all solutions of alkalis have hydroxide ions

what is the difference between weak and strong acids

weak acids are partially dissociated into ions in solutions -strong acids are completely dissociated into ions

which acids react to give which salts

hydrochloric acids - chlorides .sulfuric acids - sulfates . nitric acids - nitrates

typicall acid reactions

-with metals -acids+metals=salt +hydrogen -with bases-acids+bases=salt+water -with carbonates-acids+carbonates=salt+water+carbon dioxide

reactions of bases

with acids- salt+water -sodium, potassium, and calcium hydroxides react with ammonia gas

neutralisation

reaction with an acid giving salt and water

how to write ionic equations for neutralisation

write out equation showing ions -cross out ions that appear on both sides of this reaction -what is left is the ionic equation for the reaction

how does an insoluble base neutralise an acid

the base is a lattice when diluted by an acid the acid donate protons which breaks down the lattice

proton donors and acceptors

bases are acceptors and acids are donors

how do metals form oxides

metals react with oxygen to form basic oxides which belong to the larger group of compounds called bases

how are acid oxides formed

non-metals react with oxygen to form acidic oxides

amphoteric oxides

will react with acids and alkalis

examples of amphoteric oxides

aluminium oxides, zinc oxides

how to make salts starting with metals

1. add excess metal to acid bubbling will stop when acid is used up 2.metal is still left remove it by filtering leaving metal sulfate 3.heat solution to evaporate water and leave saturated solution

which metals does given method work for

magnesium , aluminium , zinc , iron

how to make salts starting with insoluble base / carbonate using copper oxide

1. add excess copper to dilute sulfuric acid until no more will dissolve 2. remove excess by filtering leaving copper sulfate in water 3. heat solution to obtain saturated solution crystals of copper sulfate will form

starting with an alkali

start with titration

what is titration

add one reactant to another with an indicator -the amount of reactants needed is now know -mix together without indicator

why is titration used to make salts using alkalis

both reactants are soluble so to avoid excess reactant getting into the product titration is needed

give examples of soluble salts

all nitrates, all chlorides , bromines and iodines

give examples of insoluble salts

chlorides, bromines and iodines of silver and lead -calcium barium and lead sulfate

precipitation

precipitation occurs when mixing reactants in solution gives an isoluble product the product is a precipitate

steps in making insoluble salt by precipitation with barium chloride and magnesium sulfate

1 make barium and magnesium solutions 2 mix them 3 when mised the barium and sulfate ions bond forming barium sulfate

how do you choose starting compounds to make insoluble salts

you need to mix a solution that contains positve and negative ions

what are hydrated salts

salts with water chemically bonded into their crystals

how to find concentration of an acid after titration

-calculate number of moles of alkali used -find equation , find molar ratio of acid to alkali - work out number of moles neutralised -calculate concentration of acid

equation to find concentration of acid

number of moles/ volume

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