chapter 25
eukaryotes were created due to
endosymbiosis
endosymbiont
a cell that lives within a host cell
the plastid bearind lineage of protsist evolved into
red and green algae
secondary symbiosis
the red and green algae that engulfed a plastid were engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote
metazoans
multicellular organisms
first multicellular forms were
colonies with little to no differentiation
choanoflagellates
closest living relatives of animals
the four supergroups of eukaryotes
1) excavata
2) SAR (stramenopila alverolata rhizaria)
3) archaeplastida
4) unikonta
excavata
contains diplomonads and parabasalids
live in anaerobic environments lack plastid and have modified mitochondria
diplomonads
look like little jellyfish
have modified mitochondria called mitosomes
2 equal sized nuclei and multiple flagella
parabasalids
excavata
reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes
look like ruffle dresses
euglenozoans
excavata
diverse clade including predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites
spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella
2 types of euglenozoa
kinetoplastids and euglenids
euglenids
excavata - euglenozoans
have one or two flagella
kinetoplastids
excavata - euglenozoans
have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of dna called a kinetoplast
stramenopiles
2 major groups
diatoms and brown algae
diatoms
stramenopiles
unicellular algae
2 part glasslike wall of silica
brown algae
stramenopile
largest and most complex algae
seaweeds
algal body is plantlike but
lack roots stems and leaves
called thallus and has holdfast anchors, stipe and blades
alveolates
A in SAR
have membrane bouded sacs just under the plasma membrane (alveoli)
alveolates
dinoflagellates
apicomplexans
ciliates
dinoflagellates
diverse group of aquatic mixotrophs and heterotrophs
pointy triangle prisms
red tides are caused by
dinoflagellate blooms
apicomplexans
alviolate
parasites of animals
have a nonphotosynthetic plastid (apicoplast)
ciliates
alveolates
large and varied protists
have cilia to move and feed
rhizarians
SAR R
many are amoebas who move and feed by pseudopodia
archaeplastida
red algae
most abundant large algae in the tropics
red due to phycoerythrin
green algae
archaeplastida
2 main groups
chlorophytes and charophytes
chlorophytes
green algae
freshwater generally and reproduce sexually
unikonta
super group of eukaryotes
amoebozoans
unikonta
amoeba with lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia
opisthokonts
unikonta
iincludes animals fungi and protists
mosts protists are
unicellular
many protists are key producers
true
many protists form symbiotic associations with organisms
true