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energy changes in reactions

types of thermal reactions

exothermic and endothermic

exothermic reaction

give thermic energy to their surroundings

endothermic reaction

reaction takes in thermic energy from surroundings

energy in endo/exothermic reactions

exothermic reactions products have less energy than the reactants -endothermic reactions products have more energy than reactants

bond making and breaking as reactions

bond breaking is an endothermic process -bond making is an exothermic process

activation energy

minimum energy colliding particles must have to react

enthalpy change of reaction

overall energy change of a reaction

where does activation energy come from

-surroundings -some exothermic reactions need heat to start -some reactions only need a spark and others witha high activation energy need heating throughout reaction

key ideas in calculating enthalpy changes

-bonds in reactants must be broken :takes energy -new bonds are made creating products:gives out energy

how to calculate enthalpy changes

change for reaction =energy in for bond breaking -energy out from bond making

bond energy

energy needed to break bonds or released when the same bonds form

hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell

uses hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity the only chemical produced is water which is harmless

advantages of hydrogen oxygen fuel cell

-harmless -hydrogen can be produced through electrolysis of water which is a plentiful resource

disadvantages of hydrogen oxygen fuel cell

hydrogen must be made into a liquid to be practical to use -hydrogen stations are not widely avalible -hydrogen is mostly obtained through fossil fuels

advantages of petrol

widely available -relativley cheap

disadvantages of petrol

burning petrol produces -carbon dioxide -oxides of nitrogen -carbon monoxide -unburnt volatile gases

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