Ovido
Taal
  • Engels
  • Spaans
  • Frans
  • Portugees
  • Duits
  • Italiaans
  • Nederlands
  • Zweeds
Tekst
  • Hoofdletters

Gebruiker

  • Inloggen
  • Account aanmaken
  • Upgrade naar Premium
Ovido
  • Startpagina
  • Inloggen
  • Account aanmaken

Anththo quiz week 6

Terminology used to describe peroids isnt absolute

Created based on pattens in artifacts found on archaeological sites
New cultural peroid is created when people are seeing important changes in the material

Names are regionally spesific

Archaeological cultures:

Patterns in materials are interpretted as coresponding to a culture
Not always representive of what was actually happening in the past

-Cultural peroids and archaeological cutures were often created in the 19/early 20th century

Most widely used terms to talk about 20,000-5,000 years ago in North America are the PALAEOLNDIAN (14,000-9,000) AND ARCHAIC (9,000-5,000 YEARS AGO)

-Outdated terms but still widely used

Popular terms for other geographhical areas

Upper Palaeolithic
Mesolithic/Epipalaeolithic

Neolithic

Upper Palaeolithic

approx 40,000-12,000 years ago
Last glacial maximum has a big impact on the climate and environment

Example-Lascaux cave (FRANCE)

Lots of tech developmemts (rope, fish hooks ect)

Mesolithic

approx 12,000-10,000 years ago
Correletes with warming an deglaciation in Europe

Mix of microlithic technology and composite tools

Sites tend to be located near water

Wider range of foods used vs. previous focus on large game

ex. Star Carr England (term mostly used in Northern Europe

Epiplaeolothic (appex 20,000-10,000 years ago in the near east.

Neolithic

approx 10,000 to 5000 years ago
Neolithic package = generally included the intro of farming, domestication of animals and change from a mobile lifestyle to more fixed settlements

-Occured all over the world

Ex. Catalhöyük (turkey)

Archaeology in NA

Humans arrived on the continent (debates on how/when)
ex- Bluefish caves and yukon radio carbon dating approx 25,000 years ago

Most archeologists accept an age of 14,000 years ago for the earilest reliable evidence of human occupation because....

Natural/cultural processes have likely destroyed many older sites
Low archeogolocal visibiliy of early migrants

RESEARCHERS ACCPET THAT THE FIRST HUMANS WOULD HAVE CAME FROM ASIA AND CROSSED BERINGIA TO GET TO NA

Once in NA, what route did they take?

Ice free corridor hypotheses:
Humans would have gotten past the glaicer through a corridor between 2 ice sheets that were then coving most of Canada.


Costal migration hypothesis:

People came down the coast of what is now Alaska and British Columbia using boats or walking down the coastline

(This is the most popular explantion right now)

Example- Triquet Island site and Calvert Island site (Both are in BC)

Rapid Adaptation to new ecological niches

Some populations focused on maritime resources, others on inland resources
Populations probebly expanded fairly quickly begginning about 14,000 years ago

Important demographic increace starting approx 12,000 years ago, likely connected to the apperance of fluted points

Created by removing a flute or channel flake from one or both sides of the point.
WEll known types of fluted points =Clovis and Folsom

Evidence that they were used to kill large Pleistocene Fauna

Stop being used after approx 9000 years ago

MEGA FAUNA remans increace archaelogical visability

People also relied on other types of resources for food but they are not visable archaelogically

Overall diet was varried throughout the continent before 5000 years ago

Evidence from coprolites- Hinds cave in Texas


People likely lived in small groups of a few dozen or more and interacted with populations around them

Steady signoficat population growth over time

By 5000 years ago, likely hundreds/thousands of people living in NA and prob a dozen ethnic groups with their own culture

Transition to food production:

Had significant impacts on all other aspects of life/culture
People were manipulting/modifying their environments before that time but not to the same extent

Food production involves creation of surplus, which requires domestication of plants/animals

Pastoralism def

Focus on animals

Horticulture def

Focus on plants

Domstication developed independently in the middle east, asia and the americas then spread to Europe/Africa.
What were the fist demesticated foods?

Wheat, barely, rice, potatoes, corn, sheep, goats and cattle

What led people to domestication?

Thousands of years of living near and with plants/animals
Initiatly supplemented a diet a primarly wild foods

Food production made life easier but not at first (POOR NUTRITION AND DISEASES, INJURIES)

PROVIDES food surplus which can be helpful

Reduced mobility but increaced carrimg capasity of an area.

Why domestication? (Hypotheses)

-Environmetal chnages reduced the number of people who coulf effectively forage in a region
-Increaced welath and status

-To make alchohol

Dog domestication

(approx 40,000-20,000)
Not for food, mutually benificial relationship

How do archeologists study the orgins of domestication?

-Need to be able to identiify the traces left by different subsistence strategies

Foragers def

Wide variety of wild plants/animals small and temporary (seasonal) settlements

Pastoralism/Horticulture def

little diversity of plant/animal remains, larger, more sedentary settlements

Domestic vs. wild plant/animal

-Size of edible part of the plant
-Size of compleanters of skeletons

-Age and sex ratios

-Plants/animals found outside their natural ranges

-Other types of indirect evidence

Settlement/Technology

-Food production had a direct impact on settlement patterns
-Reduction in mobility

-Leads to people spending more time building structures=more people living together

-Cities (approx 5000 residents) eventually emerged

SIGNIFICANT TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT- Pottery

-Had been developed as early as the Palaeolitic in certain places but never fully used.

OTHER DEVELOPMENTS- bow/arrow tech, wheel, metal- working etc

SOCIAL/ POLITICAL SYSTEMS

IDEA that the change to food production led to larger populations which required new kinds of social/polotical structres
Pastoralists usually exhibit the begginnigs of social stratification/leadership

-Tribes of pastralosts were usually divided into several villages(each with their "big Man" with a population under a few thousand


Horticulturalists are typically organized as either a tribe or a cheifdom, depending on scale

Agriculture (larger scale farming technique than horticulture)

1-Can support a large pop using advanced tools/irigation
2-Requires more preperation/mainteiance of the soil

3-Significantly increaces the carrying capasity of a region

4-Leads to more people, bigger settletment and new problems

Agricultural populations aew usually organized as states

Archeologists use remains indicative of subsistance staregy indications of social stratifcation
ex- Size of houses, monumental architecture, distribution of high value artifacts to study social/political systems

Evidence for social complexity and hierarchy mostly start to appear after 5000 years ago

Quiz
glosor
Historia
Latin
Insurance
Gov't Unit 1 (Part 2)
Gov't Unit 1 (Part I)
COMPUTER SICENCE
Nervsystemets neurontransmittorer
UE7- fonctionnement psychique
english quiz - copy
english quiz
TSA
Medications
cyber security 6
Homework
noah
English
acid/bases
Meningar
6008 Ethics
Kemi prov frågor
6008 Steps in the Audit Life Cycle
Korea 1
6008 Business Impact Analysi
Business formulae
Juridik inför tenta
mouvement circulaire
6008 Risk Assessment
cyber security 4 & 5
privatjuridik fastighetsrätt
Vocabulary
1. Divers modes d’alimentation des animaux Les divers modes d’alimentation des a
DT 5 - Procedursedering
SYDAFRIKA
ogl202 - kopia
kut ak twee dagen van tevoren 😊
Causes of the rise of nationalism on india
literära begrepp
Frans
interaction motricité lefevbre CM
mariia
Physics
glosor
SCIENCE
DG
6008 IT Governance
CHM 7-9
6008 The NIST Framework
biology
Labratory Equipment