Psycho 105 - Second semester
John from Uganda
A child raised by monkeys, not being involved with human contact and upbringing
Genie Story
Genie was deprived of physical and emotional activity, she was barely a human.
Developmental Psychology
How we grow, develop, change throughout lifespan
Controversial Issue
Nature-Nurture controversy
Continuous- Discontinuous Issues
Stability-Instability Issues
Approaches to Developmental Change
Longitudinal Study
Cross-Sectional Study
Longitudinal Study
Same individuals measured at different ages
Cross-Sectional Study
Compare groups of different ages at same time. Less expensive and time-consuming
Genes and Chromosomes
Genes, Zygote, Chromosomes, Dominant Gene, Recessive Gene, Polygenic Genes, Multifactorial Genes.
Genes
Basic Units for transmission of hereditary traits = Segments of DNA
Zygote
Single cell formed at conception - Contains 23 pairs of chromosomes
Chromosomes
Contains genes and carry hereditary information, 23 Paids (46 Total) SEX CHROMOSOMES = 23rd paid of chromosomes
Dominant Gene
Causes dominant trait to be expressed
Recessive Gene
Expressed if paired with another recessive gene
Polygenic genes
Several Genes produce trait
Multifactorial genes
Influenced by both heredity and environment
Styles of Parental development
Period of Zygote (Weeks 0-2)
Embryonic Stage (weeks 3-8)
Feal stage (8 Weeks to birth)
Period of Zygote
Conception (SPerm fertilizes ovum)
Zygote attaches to uterine wall
Embryonic Stage (Weeks 3-8)
Major systems, organs, structures of body develop in embryo. Cephalocaudal and proximodistal development
Fetal stage (8 Weeks to birth)
Rapid growth, further development of structures. organs, systems of body develop more
Multiple births
Identical (Monozygotic) Twins
Fraternal (Dizygotic) Twins
Identical (Monozygotic) Twins
One egg fertilized by one sperm, zygote splits into two parts. Forms two embryos with identical genetic codes
Fraternal (Dizygotic) Twins
Two eggs released during ovulation. Two eggs fertilized by two different sperms. No more alike than ordinary siblings
Negative influences
Teratogens.
Critical period
Fetal Alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
Teratogens
Harmful agents in prenatal environment
Critical period
Periods important to development. When certain body structures develop
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
Csuse = maternal intake of alcohol. Baby born mentally disabled, abnormally small, and with physical abnormalities
Newborns at high Risk
Low-birth-weight Baby = less than 2.3 kilograms. preterm infant = born at or before 37th week. Poor nutrition and prenatal care, smoking, drug use, maternal infection, too short an interval between pregnancies
The Neonate
Newborn babies up to one month old. Equipped with reflexes.
Reflexes = build-in responses to certain stimuli needed for survival. E.g Sucking, swallowing, coughing and blinking
Perceptual Development
Five senses functional at birth but not fully developed. Hearing is better developed than vision. Can discriminate, prefer certain odours and tastes
Vision
Newborns focus best on objects about 20 centimetres away. Can follow moving object.
Learning and Growth = Habituation
Decrease in response or attention. Sitting, standing, walking based on genetically determined timetable
Adolescence and Puberty
Biological changes, leads to sexual maturity. Secondary sex characteristics = Physical characteristics that distinguish mature males from mature females
Middle age = Menopause
Cessation of menstruation. Betweem 45 - 55 years of age
Signifies end of reproductive capacity
Emerging adulthood
Late teens to early twenties. Indiciduals experiment with options before taking on adult roles. Think of self as adult if 25 years of age and up. Certain brain areas still developing into mid-20s