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HHA II Midterm

febrile

the client has a fever

afebrile

no fever is present

pyrogen

a substance that produces fever when introduced to/present in the bloodstream. bacteria often acts as a pyrogen when it invades the body causing infection

tachycardia

a heart rate above 100bpm

bradycardia

a heart rate below 60bpm

arrythmia

an abnormal/irregular heartbeat

asystole

absent pulse due to no contraction of the heart

pulse deficit

an abnormal difference in rate between the radial and apical site

apnea

periods of no breathing. Normal in babies as long as the period does not exceed 15 seconds. Adults frequently have sleep apnea.

tachypnea

respiratory rate above normal range

bradypnea

respiratory rate below normal range

oxygen saturation

the measurement of the % of hemoglobin molecules that are fully bound with O2

SaO2

SaO2 measures O2 saturation in arterial blood directly. accessing arterial blood is invasive and accompanied by risks to the client

Hemoglobin

a protein in red blood cells that carries O2

capillary refill

to assess, press firmly with the top of your finger on the client's nail bed. it should turn white. let go and it should take 1-3 seconds to refill

dial/guage

the cord on the cuff holds the dial/gauge. you will inflate the cuff to the desired value on the dial and then very slowly open the valve to deflate the cuff at a steady pace. the dial has lines worth 2mmHg each

auscultatory gap

clients with peripheral perfusion problems can sometimes have a gap where the sounds are present, then disappear briefly, then return. Avoid confusion of where the sounds really start by inflating to ~30mmHg above their typical systole.

karatkoff sounds

there are 5 referred to as 'phases'. Phases 1 and 5 are most important and are documented as the systolic and diastolic pressure

valve

the metal wheel at the top if the bulb that controls air going in and out of the cuff

factors affecting blood pressure

- age
- sex

- family history

- weight

- race/ethnicity

- smoking

- circadian cycle

- stress

- emotional state

- diet

- medications

- position

- exercise

- SDoH

circulating volume

less volume circulating, less volume to exert force on the walls of the arteries

hypotension

BP below normal

hypertension

BP above normal

peripheral vascular resistance

there is resistance if the walls are thickened or stiff due to arterial disease, or if the vessels are narrowed due to buildup of fatty plaques inside. this raises blood pressure

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